Endocrine Tissues - Lecture 6

Question 1

Which organs contain endocrine cells?

Answer 1

Thymus, Heart, Liver, Stomach, Kidney, Small intestine

Question 2

What are the major endocrine glands? (10)

Answer 2

Hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid (behind thyroid), pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands , ovaries, testes

Question 3

What are the scientific names for pituitary, anterior part and posterior part?

Answer 3

Hypophysis
Adenophypophysis
Neurohypophysis

Question 4

Where is the the thyroid gland located?

Answer 4

It is anterior to the trachea and has 2 lobes

Question 5

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

Answer 5

On the dorsal (back) surface of the thyroid

Question 6

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 6

On the top of each kidney.

Question 7

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 7

To the left of and behind the stomach, in the left part of the duodenum, in the crook (head is on the right and tail is on the left and touches the spleen)

Question 8

What are the 4 types of hormones?

Answer 8

Peptide hormones
Steroid hormones
Catecholamines
Thyroid hormones

Question 9

Which hormones are derived from amino-acids?

Answer 9

Catecholamines and thyroid hormones

Question 10

Give examples of peptide hormones (6)

Answer 10

Insulin, glucagon, prolactin, ACTH, PTH, gastrin

Question 11

How are peptide hormones synthesised and stored?

Answer 11

Made in advance and stored in vesicles

Question 12

How are steroid hormones synthesised and stored?

Answer 12

Synthesised on demand by precursors

Question 13

How are catecholamines and thyroid hormones synthesised and stored?

Answer 13

Made in advance and stored in secretory vesicles

Question 14

Which hormone types are transported through the blood by being bound to proteins?

Answer 14

Thyroid hormones and steroid hormones

Question 15

Give some examples of steroid hormones (5)

Answer 15

Oestrogen, androgens, aldosterone, progesterone, cortisol

Question 16

Give 2 examples of catecholamines

Answer 16

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 17

Give 2 examples of thyroid hormones

Answer 17

Thyroxine (T4)

Trilogothyronine (T3)

Question 18

How does the hypothalamus act in the pituitary gland?

Answer 18

Neurones from the hypothalamus go directly into the posterior lobe and release the hormones into it.
The anterior lobe is indirectly controlled through release of regulatory hormones which pass through a portal system

Question 19

Which gland does the hypothalamus have direct control over?

Answer 19

The adrenal gland

Question 20

Why is there always a small concentration of pituitary hormones in the blood?

Answer 20

Because the pituitary hormones are all subject to regulated and constitutive merocrine secretion.

Question 21

What happens in hypothyroidism?

Answer 21

There are low levels of T3 and T4 and high levels of TSH
, because of the feedback loop which causes more TSH to be produced in order to try stimulate the production of T3 and T4

Question 22

What happens in hyperthyroidism?

Answer 22

There are high levels of T3 and T4, and low levels of TSH due to the negative feedback loop which stops TSH being secreted as there is already enough in the blood