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CVS > Haemodynamics > Flashcards

Haemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

difference between serum and plasma

A
  • serum is blood without the clotting factors and so the haematocrit forms a clot ; whilst plasma doesnt
  • image
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2
Q

what causes the viscosity of the blood

A
  • protein and cellular components
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3
Q

what can change WB viscosity?

what can increased b viscocity and thickness cause?

what can cause minor changes in blood viscosity?

A
  • leukaemia, polycythaemia ( b cancer which causes ^ RBC made)
  • gangrene = death of tissue due to cut off blood supply
  • C-reactive proteins CRP (measured for inflammation) , acute phase proteins
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4
Q

whats haemodynamics? and what dicates it ?

how does blood flow?

A
  • movement of blood
  • metabolic demands of the body
  • from region of high to low pressue
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5
Q

whats the types of blood flow and the differences between them?

A
  • LAMINAR ; organised streamline blood flow movement, silent. there are concentric fluid layers where the middle being the quickest since they experience the least resistance from the surrounding bv wall
  • TURBULENT ; which is disorganised due to stenosis / occulsion, noisy = bruit can be heard and thrill can be felt
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6
Q

label this graph and what is x? alsio what can you say about the energy of turbulent flow?

what happens in stenosed arteries

A
  • image
  • energy is lost becase the pressure increases beyond which flow can match linearly
  • turbulent flow d changing direction of the vessel (branching)
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7
Q

what way does fluid (blood) flow?

what does flow and pressure in circulation do? and why?

A
  • high pressure region to low pressure region
  • pulsates to maintain b supply
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8
Q

pressure

A

-force per unit area (mmHg)

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9
Q

whats the formula for flow

A
  • flow = k(triangleP)
  • k = conductance (measure of ease of flow)
  • triangle P = pressure gradeint
  • flow = triangle P/R
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10
Q

what is resistance?

A
  • measure of difficulty of flow
  • reciprocal of K (since K= flow)
  • k- (1/k)

-

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11
Q

whats the formular for resistanc and flow and what does it mean?

A

R=triangleP/K

-difference in mean pressure needed to move one unit of flow in steady speed mmHg min/L

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12
Q

what is darcy’s law

A

Flow =triangle P/R

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13
Q

describe the relationship between resistance and flow using this graph and formula

A
  • since resistance is reciprocal of flow at anygiven pressure gradient increase in flow will cause decrease resistance
  • pressure gradient is directlyaffected by flow since b flow is dependent on the gradeint
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14
Q

what happens in turbulent flow? can it follow this graph?

A

no it cant follow this graph because with turbulent flow theres a decrease in blood flow, and so greater resistance

  • also d to the pulsatile nature of flow in large arteries alters it so it requires larger greater pressure gradient for a given flow
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15
Q

what factors affect resistance?

P law?

what change c biggest change in flow ?

-what decrease % c 1/2 flow?

A
  • diameter(lumen)
  • length of vessel
  • viscosity of blood
  • Poiseuille’s law
  • R = n(viscosity of blood)L/ pie R^4
  • changing the diameter of the lumen alittle will result in great changes because radius is the power of ^4so will have a big impact on flow
  • 19% in radius = 1/2 flow
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16
Q

whats Poiseuille’s law like in Aorta? small arteries? pulmonary system?

what anatomical feature of the heart demonstrates the pulmonary system’s pressure?

A
  • aorta ; large diameter R low length short
  • smaller arteries ; High R (because biggest difference in vessel class from aorta which is carries blood at a high pressure to the arterioles ) length long diameter small
  • pulmonary system ; lowest R, shorter lumen/ wider vessels
  • the thinner walls of the Rv
17
Q

Whats velocity in terms of fluid and units?

formula?

what is v related to r?

cross section higher in the capillaires or aorta?

is velocity higher in the capillaries / aorta? and why is this important?

A
  • distance fluid can move in a given time (cm/s)
  • F = V x A (A = cross sectional area of bv = pie r^2)
  • v - inversely proportional to r^2 so v = 1 / r2 (s if diametre of lumen decrases the velocity will increase)
  • higher in the capilaries because cross sectional area takes into account the number of vessel,and theres a higher number of capillaires compared to aorta, so effectively their cross section is greater than the aorta which is just 1
  • lower in the capilaries because allows the movement of nutrients and fluids to the surrounding cells
18
Q

describe the velocity blood vessel table

A
19
Q

describe this graph ?

A
20
Q

formula for pulse pressure ? and MAP?

below what pressure causes what?

A
  • PP =SBP-DBP
  • MAP = DBP + (SBP-DBP) / 3 (time weighted not just average of DBP and SBP)
  • below 70mmHg = organ perfusion imparement
21
Q

whats TPR? and the formula?

whats the formula for Mean aortic pressure in terms of TPR

MAP in refernce to it?

what determines MAP

A

total peripheral reistance = resistance in all systemic vasculature excluding pulmonary vasculator

  • TPR = mean aortic pressure - central venous pressure / cardiac output (CVP is 0) so….TPR = Mean aortic pressure / cardiac output
  • MAP = TPR x CO
  • CO = SV x HR
22
Q

what happens in terms of pressure changes in ; haemorrhage and age increase?

A
  • Haemorrhage = decrease in pressure / age = stiffening of the aorta so decrease in pressure
23
Q

differnce between a bounding pulse and palpating pulse?

what is the effect of hot bath on bp?

what can be hear and felt with b flow measure?

x sounds?

A
  • strong pulse pressure graph
  • vasodilation = decreased pp
  • bruit = heard
  • thrill = felt
  • korotkoff sounds
24
Q

steps for BP measure?

A

image

25
Q

effect of gravity on blood flow?

A
  • gravity maintains blood flow from heart to feet, so when standing = poolung of blood in lower regions of body
  • postural hypotension = dizziness upon standing due to pooling of blood in lower so decrease SV= decrease cardiac output resulting in lower bp = transient arterial hypotension
26
Q

what level is bp readings considered to be at

A

level of the heart since bp readings changes in respect of their location d to the effect of gravity

CVS (23 decks)

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