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ESA1 - Tissues Of The Body > Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Where does red blood cell lysis occur?

A

Spleen

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2
Q

How is Haemopoiesis controlled?

A

Driven by hormones called CYTOKINES

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3
Q

What do all cells types develop from?

A

MULTIPOTENT HAEMOPOIETIC STEM CELLS

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4
Q

Name 3 cells which are produced from lymphoid cells

A
  • T lymphocytes
  • B lymphocytes
  • Natural Killer cells
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5
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Differentiate from B lymphocytes and PRODUCE ANTOBODIES

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6
Q

Name 5 cell types differentiated from myeloid cells

A
  • Monocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Mast cells
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7
Q

Describe how platelets are formed

A
  • Cell fragments of MEGAKARYOCYTES

- Bud off from cytoplasm

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8
Q

What is the average lifespan of platelets?

A

10 days

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9
Q

Which immune response are natural killer cells involved in?

A

INNATE

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10
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A
  • PLATELETS
  • Involved in formation of a PLATELET PLUG following damage to epithelia
  • Activate CLOTTING FACTORS
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11
Q

What is the average red cell count of normal blood?

A

4.4-5.9x10^12 per LITRE

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12
Q

List the functions of a red blood cell

A
  • DELIVER OXYGEN TO TISSUES
  • Carry haemoglobin and maintain its reduced form
  • Generate ATP
  • Maintain an osmotic equilibrium
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13
Q

How do red blood cells generate ATP?

A
  • GLYCOLYSIS
  • Convert glucose to LACTATE
  • Produces net ATP of 2 per molecule of glucose
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14
Q

Describe the metabolism of red blood cells

A
  • Generate ATP ANAEROBICALLY through glycolysis (GLUCOSE->LACTATE)
  • Generate NADPH via pentose phosphate pathway
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15
Q

Describe how erythropoiesis is controlled

A
  • Decrease in pO2 in blood is detected by kidney cells
  • Increased production of ERYTHROPOIETIN which stimulates RBC production from bone marrow
  • pO2 of blood increases therefore secretion of erythropoietin decreases
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16
Q

Explain how haemoglobin is broken down and excreted

A
  • RBC broken down in SPLEEN
  • Globin chains broken down into constituent AA which are recycled
  • Haem molecules are broken down into unconjugated BILIRUBIN
  • Fe2+ is recycled to bone marrow
  • Bilirubin is conjugated in the liver and excreted in the faeces or in the urine as UROBILINOGEN
17
Q

Describe the composition of platlets

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer for adhesion to tissue, platelets and clotting factors
  • α granules containing glycoproteins
  • DENSE BODIES containing CALCIUM and serotonin/catecholamines
18
Q

Which clotting factors are activated by platelets and why?

A
  • Factors II, VII, IX and X

- Contain -ve GLA residues which are attracted to +ve CALCIUM IONS released by platelets

19
Q

Describe the action of neutrophils in the immune response

A
  • Stimulated by CHEMOKINES secreted from epithelia

- PHAGOCYTIC CELLS which engulf foreign bodies and destroy them using granules

20
Q

Describe the action of monocytes

A
  • DIFFERENTIATE INTO MACROPHAGES IN TISSUE
  • Involved in inflammatory and antigenic response
  • Engulf and destroy cells via PHAGOCYTOSIS
  • Secrete substances such as LYSOZYME and COMPLEMENT
21
Q

What is the role of macrophages?

A
  • Inflammatory response
  • PHAGOCYTOSIS
  • Presentation of ANTIGENS to T cells
  • Secretion of lysozyme and complement
22
Q

What is the main role of eosinophils and basophils?

A

Mediate ALLERGIC and HYPERSENSITIVITY reactions

23
Q

How could you differentiate between an eosinophil and a basophil?

A
  • Eosinophils have PINK STAINING GRANULES containing proteins and enzymes
  • Basophils contain DARK STAINING GRANULES containing heparin and histamine and other acidic compounds
24
Q

How do lymphocytes detect ‘self’ cells?

A

HISTOCOMPATIBILITY

25
Q

What is the role of T helper cells?

A
  • Stimulate B lymphocytes to secrete antibodies

- Stimulate macrophages

26
Q

Where are memory cells stored?

A

Lymph nodes

27
Q

Which cells are memory cells formed from?

A

B lymphocytes

28
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus gland

29
Q

How could you identify a neutrophil?

A

MULTI-LOBULAR NUCLEUS

30
Q

What hormone controls platelet production?

A

Thrombopoietin

31
Q

Which cytokine stimulates myeloid cell production?

A

IL-3

32
Q

Which hormone stimulates white cell production?

A

CYTOKINES (G-CSF)

33
Q

Wheat is the average lifespan of RBC?

A

120 days

ESA1 - Tissues Of The Body (19 decks)

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