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ESA1 - Tissues Of The Body > Cartilage And Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage And Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 types of cartilage and briefly explain their composition

A
  • HYALINE (extracellular matrix; CHONDROCYTES)
  • ELASTIC (matrix similar to hyaline cartilage; contains many elastic fibres and elastic lamellae)
  • FIBRO (matrix similar to hyaline cartilage; abundant in type I collagen fibres assembled into thick bundles)
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2
Q

What does the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage consist of?

A
  • Type II collagen
  • Hyaluronic protein aggregates between collagen fibrils (composed of GAGs and hyaluronic acid)
  • CHONDROCYTES
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3
Q

What is a GAG and what is its role in the extracellular matrix?

A
  • GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN
  • Combines with hyaluronic acid to form HYALURONATE PROTEOGLYCAN AGGREGATES
  • Highly NEGATIVE charges on GAGs so attract water to form a hydrated gel
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3
Q

Explain the role of chondrocytes in cartilage

A
  • Produce and maintain extracellular matrix

- Sit in a LACUNA within the extracellular matrix

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5
Q

What is an isogenous group?

A
  • Chondrocytes which have undergone mitotic division and cluster together
  • Isogenous groups separate as they elaborate extracellular matrix
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6
Q

What is meant by an ‘articulating surface’?

A

Surface where bones meet joints

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7
Q

List 5 places in the body where you might find HYALINE cartilage

A
  • Costal rib cage
  • Nose
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Larynx
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7
Q

What is the arrangement and role of hyaline cartilage in the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • Arrangement: C shaped rings

- Role: hold airways open and prevent them from collapsing

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8
Q

What is the perichondrium and what does it consist of?

A
  • DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
  • Lies on the margins of hyaline cartilage
  • Contains flattened fibroblast-like cells which can develop into CHONDROBLASTS
  • Chondroblasts secrete matrix components and develop into CHONDROCYTES
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9
Q

Distinguish between APPOSITIONAL GROWTH and INTERSTITIAL GROWTH of cartilage

A
  • APPOSITIONAL GROWTH is the growth of cartilage from the periphery (from the edges)
  • INTERSTITIAL GROWTH results from the separation and deposition of isogenous groups as they lay down further into the extracellular matrix
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10
Q

Explain why there is no perichondrium present at articulating surfaces

A
  • Perichondrium is a thin layer of connective tissue

- Abrasion at articulating surfaces will cause perichondrium to wear away

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11
Q

Describe the position of hyaline cartilage at the end of a long bone

A
  • Hyaline cartilage lines articulating surface of bone
  • Also forms EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATE (boundary between spongy/cancellous and compact bone)
  • No perichondrium present at either of these sites
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12
Q

State 2 differences between hyaline and elastic cartilage

A
  • Elastic cartilage has elastic fibres in the extracellular matrix
  • Elastic cartilage does not undergo ossification
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13
Q

Where in the body might you find elastic cartilage?

A

Located mainly in head and neck:

  • Epiglottis
  • Eustachian tube
  • External ear (pinna)
  • Acoustic meatus
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14
Q

How could you distinguish between hyaline and elastic cartilage histologically?

A

Elastic cartilage contains dark stained areas where there is an abundance of elastic cartilage

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15
Q

Name the 2 cell types found in FIBROCARTILAGE

A
  • Chondrocytes

- Fibroblasts

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16
Q

Describe the distribution of cells in fibrocartilage

A
  • Arranged in rows

- Parallel to direction of dense regular connective tissue

17
Q

Describe the composition of fibrocartilage

A
  • Dense regular connective tissue
  • Type I (and type II) collagen
  • Chondrocytes and fibroblasts in rows
  • No perichondrium present
18
Q

What is the main role of fibrocartilage?

A
  • RESILIENCE

- Acts as a shock absorber and resists shearing forces

19
Q

List 4 places where fibrocartilage is located in the body

A
  • Intervertebral discs in vertebrae (spine)
  • Articulating discs of sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints
  • Meniscus of knee (2 pads on each cap)
  • Pubic symphysis
20
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A
  • Compact (dense)

- Spongy/cancellous (trabecular)

21
Q

Describe the general composition of bone

A
  • 65% minerals
  • 23% collagen
  • 10% water
  • 2% non-collagen proteins
22
Q

What composes the spongy/cancellous bone?

A
  • Network of fine bony columns/plates called TRABECULAE
  • Bone marrow in between spaces
  • Avasuclar (no vessels)
  • Combines STRENGTH with LIGHTNESS
23
Q

What are the main features of compact bone?

A
  • ENDOSTEUM (inner surface adjacent to bone marrow)
  • PERIDOSTEUM (outer surface)
  • Arranged in OSTEONS
  • Concentric and interstitial LAMELLAE
  • Haversian canals and Volkmann canals
25
Q

What is an osteon?

A
  • Haversian canal surrounded by concentric lamellae
  • Osteocytes present throughout lamellae
  • Have the ability to branch out and terminate
  • LONGITUDINAL in same direction/plane as bone
26
Q

List 3 common features of a Haversian canal and Volkmann canal

A
  • Contain blood vessels
  • Contains nerves
  • Contains lymph vessels
27
Q

How does immature bone differ from mature bone?

A

Osteocytes and blood vessels are randomly arranged

28
Q

Explain how INTERSTITIAL LAMELLAE are formed

A
  • Successive generations of Haversian systems formed by OSTEOBLASTS
  • OVERLAPPING of successive Haversian systems where positioning does not necessarily precede that of the previous Haversian system
29
Q

What is the role of the OSTEOCYTE CANALICULI?

A
  • Slender cytoplasmic processes which project to adjacent osteocytes
  • Connect via GAP JUNCTIONS
  • Allow transfer of nutrients between osteocytes
  • Removal of waste products by gaseous exchange
30
Q

Explain how cancellous bone is remodelled

A
  • OSTEOCLASTS bore holes into bone via a cutting cone. Old bone material is digested by lysosomal enzymes and acids secreted by the cells
  • OSTEOBLASTS lay down new bone material to form new osteons (do not necessarily follow the pattern of the preceding osteon)
  • Osteoblasts become submerged in new bone material and form OSTEOCYTES
31
Q

How does the breaking of a bone result in a HAEMOTOMA?

A
  • Breakage of blood vessels that lie in bone and periosteum
  • Cells around fracture die due to lack of blood supply and nutrients
  • Inflammatory cells invade
  • Phagocytes and macrophages digest dead cells and material
32
Q

Explain how a fibrocartilagious callous is formed

A
  • Procallous of GRANULATION TISSUE develops which is rich in capillaries and fibroblasts
  • Some fibroblasts produce collagen fibres which span the breakage; others differentiate into chondroblasts (further into chondrocytes) which give rise to a sleeve of hyaline cartilage
  • Fibrocartilagious callous splints the bone
  • Osteoblasts invade breakage zone and begin producing new cancellous bone
33
Q

Explain the formation of a bony callous

A
  • Formation of new trabecular bone
  • Endochondral ossification of hyaline cartilage
  • Intramembranous ossification adds to cancellous bone to form contact bone
  • Bony callous formation continues for 2 months until a very firm union is formed
34
Q

Define ENDOCHONDRAL and INTERMEMBRANEOUS ossification

A
  • Endochondral ossification is the conversion of hyaline cartilage to bone
  • Intermembranous ossification is the formation of new cancellous bone
35
Q

What is the purpose of bone banks?

A
  • Supply viable bone for grafting purposes by orthopaedic surgeons
  • Bone fragments are frozen to preserve them
36
Q

Describe the composition of TRABECULAE in spongy/cancellous bone

A
  • Hint of concentric lamellae
  • Osteocytes lie between lamellae
  • NO HAVERSIAN OR VOLKMANN CANALS
  • Osteocytes gain nutrients from surrounding bone marrow
  • Osteoblasts lie on the peripheral of trabecula laying down new bone
37
Q

Define the terms autograft, homograft and heterograft in relation to bone grafting techniques

A
  • Autograft - bone graft is from the same individual
  • Homograft - bone graft is from a different individual
  • Heterograft - bone graft is from a different species/animal
38
Q

Which bone grafting technique is the most successful and why?

A
  • Autograft
  • Graft will not be seen as ‘foreign’ as it is from the same individual (same antigens)
  • Less chance graft will be rejected by body
39
Q

When does intramembraneous ossification occur?

A

Formation of flat bones of skull, face and clavicle

40
Q

When does endochondral ossification occur?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone through mineralisation (osteoid)
  • Occurs at epiphyseal growth plates (during formation on long bones) and development of skeleton from fetal skeleton

ESA1 - Tissues Of The Body (19 decks)

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