haematology in systemic disease and intro

Question 1

main function of haematology?

Answer 1

organ system

transporting oxygen
protect from infections
immune system
- liquid medium for transporting oxygen, coagulation prevents bleeding to death

Question 2

how can problems present?

Answer 2

Excessive -
erythrocytes : polycythaemia

Decreased/ deficiency
of soluble proteins > factor 8
reduced rbc = anaemia

Question 3

primary erythrocytes disorder?

Answer 3

too much - polycythaemia vera

reduced - deficiency of blood thalassaemia

Question 4

secondary haematological disorder are

Answer 4

reactive
high altitude
or auto immune haemolytic anaemia

Question 5

inherited primary disorder due to germline mutation is

Answer 5

factor 9 > haemophilia B

Question 6

raised wcc count causes?

Question 7

normal in bone marrow cells?

Answer 7

<5% blast in bone marrow
promyelocytes

Question 8

DAT

Answer 8

direct antiglobulin test
antibody bound to rbc
so if you have spherocytes and DAT + then it is immune hameolytic

Question 9

causes of acqyuired
immune

Answer 9

immune

associated w systemic diseases:
cancer ;lymphoma / chronic
sle

infection: mycoplasma
idiopathic

Question 10

DAt negative spherocytes

Answer 10

infection of erythrocytes: malaria
MAHA- mechanical breakdown

Question 11

microangiopathic film

Answer 11

malignancy - adenocarcinomas low grade DIC

e.coli
HUS

Question 12

types of white blood cells
peripheral blood

Answer 12

granulocytes
monocytes:
immunocytes : T,B, NK

Question 13

bone marrow

Answer 13

blasts
promyelocytes
myelocytes
lymphoid precursory cells

Question 14

cells in peripheral blood

Answer 14

Lymphocytes /immunocytes - T / B cell
Granulocytes /phagocytes
Monocytes

Question 15

monocytosis causes?

Answer 15

infection: TB, brucella, typhoid
viral: CMV, varicella zoter

sarcoidosis
MDS

Question 16

abnormal lymphocytosis

Answer 16

EBV
CMV
toxoplasmosis

infectuioius hepatitis , rubella, herpes
autoimmune
sarcoidis

Question 17

lymphopenia

Answer 17

infection: HIV
autoimmune
inherited
chemo

Question 18

EBV -

Answer 18

lymphocyte count 5-52

Question 19

degree of lympotcyosis will give you a clue to the cause?

Answer 19

true malignancy higher than EBV say

Question 20

light chains
healthy

Answer 20

60:40 kapp and almbda is healthy

Question 21

grossly skewed kappa /lambda light change

Answer 21

99:1%

leaukaemia
lymphoma

Question 22

metastatic breast cancer in bone marrow

Answer 22

bone marrow infiltration
reticulcyte decreases
bilirubin is elevated
DAT negative
erythroblastic film

Question 23

blood cancer are classified

Answer 23

leaukaemia
lymphoma
myeloma

Question 24

why is it so complex?
lineage issue

Answer 24

malignant cell to normal cell
but there are multiple linaeges
myeloid
erythroid

t cells
b cells

Question 25

why so complex
differentiation issues

lymphoid

Answer 25

lymphoblast > early b cell> memory b cell / plasma cell

b cell ALL
mantel lymphoma
myeloma

Question 26

all cancer is due to __ mutation

Answer 26

somatic mutation

Question 27

how do cancers present?

Answer 27

infection
bleeding
anaemia
lymph nodes enlarged
jaundice
hypercalcaemia
hypermetabolism

Question 28

positive igG EBV means?

Answer 28

chronic