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Oncology, haematology and palliative care > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

Proportion of red cells in the blood

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2
Q

Why do men have higher Hb than women?

A

Testosterone stimulates production of red cells

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3
Q

What is the MCV useful for?

A

Determining the cause of anaemia

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4
Q

Who is most likely to be B12 deficient?

A

Vegans

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5
Q

What does hyper segmented neutrophils on blood film indicate?

A

Megaloblastic anaemia

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6
Q

Name an autoimmune cause of macrocytic anaemia

A

Pernicious anaemia

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7
Q

What is pernicious anaemia?

A

Autoantibodies to intrinsic factor

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8
Q

What causes a microcytic anaemia?

A

Iron defiency anaemia

Beta thalassemia trait

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9
Q

What causes a macrocytic anaemia?

A

B12 or folate deficiency

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10
Q

How is pernicious anaemia treated?

A

IM B12

5 doses for 5 alternate days and then a dose every 3 months

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11
Q

How is folate deficiency anaemia treated?

A

Oral folate replacement

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12
Q

What must you exclude in cases of folate deficiency?

A

Malabsorption issues such as Crohns and coeliac

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13
Q

List some blood markers of haemolysis

A 
FBC
LFT - Bilirubin 
Lactate dehydrogenase 
Reticulocytes 
Direct antiglobulin test (DAT)
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14
Q

What may be seen on blood film in autoimmune haemolysis?

A

Spherocytes

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15
Q

What causes autoimmune haemolysis

A

CLL
Drugs
Idiopathic

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16
Q

What is the management of autoimmune haemolysis

A

Transfusion - cross matching blood cells may be a problem if autoantibodies are present
Steroids
Immunosuppression - rituximab
IVIG

17
Q

What cells may be seen on blood film in sickle cell anaemia

A

Target cells
Sickle cells
Howell-Jolly bodies

18
Q

What are the complications of sickle cell disease

A

Hyposplenism
Bone pain - avascular necrosis
Chest infection
Gallstones

19
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hemochromatosis

A

Too much iron - excess absorption and then deposition in organs - multiorgan failure
Autosomal recessive condition

20
Q

Describe the management of haemochromatosis

A

regular venesection till <50. Monitor organ function, treat diabetes, replacement testosterone in males, family screening studies

21
Q

List causes of a neutrophilia

A

Bacterial infection
Inflammation - eg. MI/Polyarteritis nodosa
Myeloproliferative disorder
Drugs - eg. steroids
Disseminated malignancy
Stress - trauma, burns, haemorrhage, seizures

22
Q

List causes of a neutropenia

A

Viral infection
Drugs - chemo, cytotoxic agents, sulfonamides, carbimazole
Severe sepsis
Neutrophil antibodies - increased destruction - SLE, haemolytic anaemia
Hypersplenism - Feltys syndrome - RA, splenomegaly, neutropenia
Bone marrow failure - decreased production

23
Q

List the causes of a lymphocytosis

A

Acute viral infection
Chronic infection - TB, syphilis
Leukaemia and lymphoma - CLL

24
Q

List the causes of a lymphopenia

A 
Steroid therapy
Post chemo
Post radiotherapy 
SLE
Uraemia 
Legionnaire's disease
HIV infection
25
Q

List some causes of an eosinophilia

A 
Drug reactions
Allergies - asthma and atopy
Parasitic infection
Skin disease - pemphigus, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis herpetiformis 
Malignancy - lymphoma and eosinophilic leukaemia 
PAN and churg Straus 
Adrenal insufficiency
Irradiation
Loffler's syndrome
26
Q

Describe hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)

A

Eosinophilia lasts for >6weeks resulting in end organ damage (endomyocardial fibrosis and restrictive cardiomyopathy, skin lesions, thromboembolic disease, lung disease, neuropathy and hepatosplenomegaly)

27
Q

What conditions result in increased monocytes (monocytosis)

A

Post- chemo/radiotherapy
Malignant disease (M4 and M5 acute myeloid leukaemia and Hodgkin’s disease)
Myelodysplasia

28
Q

What conditions result in increased basophils (basophilia) ?

A

Myeloproliferative disease
Viral infections
IgE mediated hypersensitivity reactions - urticaria and hypothyroidism
Inflammatory disorders - UC, RA

Oncology, haematology and palliative care (19 decks)

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