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PA > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of a normocytic anaemia?

A 
Anaemia of chronic disease (low iron, low TIBC, raised ferritin)
CKD
Aplastic anaemia
Haemolytic anaemia
Acute blood loss
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2
Q

What is the commonest inherited bleeding disorder?

A

Von Willebrand’s disease

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3
Q

What is the inheritance of Von Willebrand’s?

A

Mostly autosomal dominant

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4
Q

What are the features fo Von Willebrands?

A

Epistaxis
Menorrhagia

Rare- muscle hameatoma,, haemarthroses

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5
Q

What is the management of Von Willebrands?

A

TXA for mild bleeding
Desmopressin
Factor VIII concentrate

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6
Q

What investigation results would suggest Von Willebrands?

A

Bleeding time prolonged
APTT may be prolonged
Factor VIII may be reduced

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7
Q

What factor is Von Willbrand a carrier for? What does it do?

A

Factor VIII

Promotes platelet adhesion to damaged endothelium

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8
Q

What are the features of ITP?

A

Thrombocytopenia (low platelets)
Anaemia
Purpura

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9
Q

What may ITP follow?

A

Infection or vaccination

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10
Q

What is the treatment for ITP?

A

None- self limiting

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11
Q

Who is chronic ITP more common in?

A

Young/middle-aged women

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12
Q

What conditions are spherocytes found in’?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

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13
Q

What does the Coombs test investigate?

A

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

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14
Q

What is polycythaemia vera?

A

Myeloproliferative disorder caused by clonal proliferation of a marrow stem cell leading to increased red cell volume

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15
Q

What mutation is present in 95% of patients with polycythaemia vera?

A

JAK2

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16
Q

What are the features of polycythaemia vera?

A 
Hyperviscosity
Aquagenic pruritis
Splenomegaly
Haemorrhage
Plethoric appearance
HTN in 1/3rd
17
Q

What are the treatment options for polycthaemia vera?

A

Venesection
Low dose aspririm
Hydroxycarbamide
IFN

18
Q

What chromosome is present in over 95% of patients with CML? What gene does this code for?

A

Philadelphia chromosome
t(9;22)
BCR-ABL

19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of CML?

A 
Anaemia/lethargy
Massive splenomegaly
Weight loss
Sweating
Abdo discomfort (from splenomegaly)
Spectrum of myeloid cells in blood
20
Q

What is the first line treatment for CML?

A

Imatinib

21
Q

What are the causes of B12 deficiency?

A 
Pernicious anaemia
Post gastrectomy
Vegan/poor diet
Crohn's
Metformin (rare)
22
Q

What are the features of B12 deficiency?

A

Macrocytic anaemia
Sore tongue/mouth
Neuro sx e.g. ataxia
neuropsych sx e.g. mood disturbances

23
Q

What is IM tydroxycobalamin used for and how often?

A

B12 deficiency

Every 12 weeks

24
Q

In B12 and folic acid deficiency which should you replace first? If not what could this precipitate?

A

B12

Subacute combined degeneration of the cord

25
Q

What would iron studies show in iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Iron- low
Ferritin- low
TIBC- high

26
Q

What is the most common anaemia worldwide?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

27
Q

What are the main causes of iron deficiency anaemia?

A 
Blood loss
Inadequate intake
Poor absorption (coeliac)
Increased requirements (children and pregnancy)
28
Q

What are the features of iron deficiency anaemia?

A 
Fatigue
SOB
Palpitations
Pallor
Koilonychia (spoon nails)
Hair loss
Atrophic glossitis
Post-cricoid webs
Angular stomatitis
29
Q

What is the management of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Find and treat cause
Oral ferrous sulphate continued for 3 months after correction
Iron rich diet

30
Q

What are the common side effects of iron supplementation?

A 
Nausea
Abdo pain
Constipation
Black stool 
Diarrhoea
31
Q

What is the definition of neutropenic sepsis?

A

Neut <0.5x10^9
Patient on anti-cancer treatment
Temp >38 or signs/sx of sepsis

PA (12 decks)

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