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Phase 2b OSCE > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What does a basophil do?

A

They are associated with hypersensitivity reactions. They have a similar role to mast cells and thus secrete histamine

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2
Q

Eosinophils show diurnal variation: what are they needed for ?

A

Protection from parasite infections

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3
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

Cytotoxic CD8+

T Helper CD4+

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4
Q

What are macrophages made up of

A

Monocytes

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5
Q

What is the purpose of pro-thrombin?

A

It makes Thrombin
Thrombin then allows fibrinogen to be made into fibrin
Helps to activate XII to XIIa and allows positive feedback to create more thrombin
Fibrin allows blood clots to form

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6
Q

How is Vitamin K absorbed

A

Vitamin K

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7
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia

A

Iron deficient (hook worm, bleeding, diet or heavy periods)
Anaemia of chronic disease
Thalassaemia or Sickle Cell

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8
Q

What does a high reticulocyte or a low reticulocyte value mean?

A

High Reticulocye: blood loss or haemolytic anaemia

Low Reticulocyte: production problem i.e. iron deficiency anaemia

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9
Q

Give 3 signs of iron deficient anaemia

Treatment

A

Angular stomatitis
Atrophic glissitis
Kolonychia
Brittle hair and nails

Ferrous sulphate

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10
Q

3 causes of normocytic anaemia

A

Acute blood loss
B12 and folate deficiency
Anaemia of chronic disease

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11
Q

3 causes of Macrocytic anaemia

A

B12/folate deficiency
Alcohol
Metabolic disease i.e. hypothyroid

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12
Q

What is pernicious anaemia?

A

Loss of parietal cells in the stomach via auto immune problem. This means that intrinsic factor is not made and thus leads to macrocytic anaemia

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13
Q

4 symptoms of anaemia

A 
SOB
Dizziness + Fainting 
Fatigue 
Reduced exercise tolerance 
\+++ TACHYCARDIA +++
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14
Q

What are two causes of DIC?

What are two treatment methods?

A

Surgery, trauma, malignancy and liver disease

Blood transfusion and activated protein C

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15
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Too little platelets

Can be due to bone marrow failure, enlarged spleens and also peripheral destruction of platelets

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16
Q

Bleeding disorders: ITP

What is it? what are they symptoms ?

A

This is because of antibodies coating platelets means that the they are eaten by macrophages.
Associated with other autoimmune conditions
Menorrhagia, nose bleeds, bruising or a red rash

17
Q

How do you treat ITP?

A

Prednisolone
IV Ig
Anti D

18
Q

Polycythaemia what is it?

A

A condition when the blood is too packed with RBCs
Patients get fatigue, easy bleeding, fainting and headaches
Diagnosis is a bone marrow biospy

19
Q

What leukaemia is associated with the philodephia chromosome?

A

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

Myeloid cells include (RBC, platelets, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils and monocytes)

20
Q

Give 5 symptoms of leukaemia:

A 
Tiredness
Weight loss 
Night sweats
Rashes 
Fever 
Bleeding 
Anorexia

More common infections

21
Q

What is the treatment of CML

A

Imatinib + Stem Cell Transplant

22
Q

What is chronic lymphocytic anaemia> How do we treat it>

A

Accumulation of B cells
This means that the patient will have large rubbery lymph nodes. Generally asymptomatic
Treatment: normally watch and wait and give the patient rituximab!
1/3 1/3 1/3 rule

23
Q

What is ALL what are the symptoms and what are the treatments

A

Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Bone pain, CNS palsy, Lymph and Hepato megaly
Treatment: chemo and bone marrow transplant

24
Q

AML: symptoms, treatments

A

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
Gum hypertrophy and hepatosplenomegaly

Treatment: chemo and bone marrow transplant
Complications: get DIC

25
Q

Treatment CML
CLL
AML
ALL

A

CML: imatinib
CLL: rituximab
AML: bone marrow transplant and chemo
ALL: bone marrow transplant and chemo

26
Q

in which lymphoma do you find reed Sternberg cells in

How would you treat Hodgkin’s?

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
USE ANN Arbor system staging

27
Q

Non- Hodgkins lymphoma what is the treatment method?

A

R-CHOP

28
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Myeloma?

A

Too many light chains produced in the body.
Remember the mnemonic CRAB:
Calcinosis,
Renal impairment (urine output and oedema)
Anaemia
Bone lytic lesions

29
Q

What will be found in the urine of a patient with myeloma?
What is the pattern of RBC

What is the treatment?

A

Bence Jones protein
Monoclonal protein bands will be found in the blood :) The RBC will make a roleaux formation

Chemotherapy and analgesia, bisphosphonates etc for the bone pain/
Need to give Abx and regular IV immunoglobulin infusions for the infections

Phase 2b OSCE (9 decks)

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