Haematology Flashcards
What is MCV, MCH, MCHC and HCT on the FBC?
MCV: Mean corpuscular vol.
- Avg. Vol. of an RBC
MCH: Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
- Avg. mass of haemoglobin per RBC
MCHC: Mean corpuscular haemoglobin conc.
- The concentration of haemoglobin per given vol. of blood.
HCT: Haematocrit
- How many cells in relation to plasma.
What does pancytopaenia mean?
Low haemoglobin, neutrophils and platelets
What are three main groups of blood cells?
Red cells
White cells
Platelets
Blood investigations for anaemia?
FBC
- Hb
- MCV
- MCH
- Red cell count
Blood film
- Morphology of cells
Haematinics
- B12
- Folate
- Ferritin
- Iron
What is high haemoglobin levels called?
Polycythaemia
What is polycythaemia?
High haemoglobin levels
What is low haemoglobin levels called?
Anaemia
Causes of Polycythaemia (high levels of Hb)?
Primary
- PRV (haematological Ca.)
Secondary: High EPO
- Appropriate e.g. High altitude
- Inappropriate: Ca.
Reactive:
- Dehydration
- Diuretics
If someone has Raised urea, Normal creatinine and anaemia what is likely going on?
GI bleed.
WCC low or normal likely what type of infection?
Viral
WCC high likely what type of infection?
Bacterial
What is raised platelets called?
Thrombocytosis
Causes of thrombocytosis?
MOST COMMON
- Infection/inflammation
- Splenectomy
Primary
- as part of another myeloproliferative disorder
Reactive
- Iron deficiency
- Haemorrhage
- Severe haemolysis
- Postoperative trauma
- Infection, inflammation
- Malignancy
- Hyposplenism
What is thrombocytopaenia?
Low platelets
What might give you thrombocytopaenia?
Viral infection
Lupus
What might give you lymphopaenia (reduced)?
HIV
Steroids (common)/immunosuppression -
Lymphoma
Bone marrow failure
What might give you lymphocytosis (raised)?
Viral infections and bacterial infections
What is a microcytic hypochromic picture (in FBC results?), what is it associated with?
Raised platelets
Lowered MCV, MCH and MCHC
Low ferritin and high transferrin
Iron deficiency anaemia or thalassaemia
How might Von-Willibrands present?
Very positive FH of bleeding (male and female)
What blood test is abnormal in Von willibrands
Clotting screen - APTT
What happens to transferrin in iron deficiency anaemia?
Increases (as we measure free levels and it has nothing to bind to)
Causes of iron deficiency anaemia?
Blood loss
Malabsorption e.g. coeliac
Poor dietary intake (rarely a cause in UK)
Treatment of iron deficiency anaemia?
Oral iron (not well tolerated), ferrous sulphate is best.
If unable to take oral iron or needed rapidly then can do iron infusion
Never do blood transfusion
What may cause pancytopaenia with macrocytosis?
B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
Liver disease
Hypothyroidism
Why do you get Pancytopenia with B12 and folate deficiency?
B12 is a co-enzyme needed to bring folate into cells and folate is needed for the manufacture for Nucleic acids (important especially in new cells) This affects rapidly dividing tissue such as bone marrow (hair and GI too)