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NZ Vet Nursing: Diagnostics > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

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1
Q

Which red blood cells are not biconcave discs?

A

Spherocytes

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2
Q

The smallest % of normal cells in a differential count is

A

Basophils

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3
Q

The five types of leukocytes found in normal peripheral blood are…

A

Lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils

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4
Q

What is meant by PCV?

A

Packed cell volume, the percentage of red cells (compared to serum) present in a blood sample.

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5
Q

The term thrombocytopenia indicates a/an…

A

Abnormally low number of thrombocytes

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6
Q

Blood samples collected Saturday at 10 am can be stored in the refrigerator and sent to Gribbles Monday morning without any major effect on results.

A

False

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7
Q

In allergic conditions, we commonly find an increased level of

A

Eosinophils

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8
Q

The chief function of the platelet is to?

A

Aid in coagulation

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9
Q

A veterinary nurse is performing venipuncture to collect a whole blood sample for a CBC. Which colour tube does she need to preserve her sample?

A

Purple top

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10
Q

Polychromatopohilic erythrocytes are also called…

A

Reticulocytes

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11
Q

The cell that functions in the defensive mechanism of the body during infection is

A

Neutrophil

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12
Q

The anticoagulant that is best for blood samples that are to be used for haematological studies is?

A

EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

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13
Q

The cell that functions as a plug at the site of bleeding is the…

A

Platelet

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14
Q

An increase of total leukocytes over the normal is called…

A

Leukocytosis

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15
Q

What is the term for the diagnostic exam that provides information on RBC count, WBC count, platelet count, and PCV?

A

Complete Blood Count

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16
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

They transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues/cells around the body.

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17
Q

What allows red blood cells to carry oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin, allows RBCs to transport oxygen and to hold the cell shape.

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18
Q

What is a erythrocyte?

A

A red blood cell.

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19
Q

how much haemoglobin does each red blood cell have?

A

Four iron-containing haemoglobin units.

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20
Q

What is bi-concave?

A

Concave on both sides, like a red blood cell.

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21
Q

How long do RBCs live for?

A

2-5 months.

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22
Q

What is the production of new red blood cells called?

A

Erythropoiesis.

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23
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells.

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24
Q

What are platelets also known as?

A

Thrombocytes

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25
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Stopping bleeding/haemorrhage by acting as a plug.

26
Q

How long is a platelet in the circulating blood for?

A

4-6 days

27
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

It carries and transports the blood cells and other substances. It also has clotting factors.

28
Q

What are the two types of neutrophils?

A

Segmented and bands

29
Q

Low RBC count =

A

Anaemia

30
Q

High RBC count =

A

Polycythaemia

31
Q

Low WBC count =

A

Leukopoenia

32
Q

High WBC count =

A

Leukycytosis

33
Q

Low Platelet count =

A

Thrombocytopoenia

34
Q

High Platelet count =

A

Thrombocytosis

35
Q

What is a low PCV?

A

Anaemia

36
Q

What is a high PCV?

A

Polycythemia

37
Q

What are the layers in a PCV?

A

Top layer is the serum/plasma. It contains waters, proteins, nutrients, hormones.

Second layer is the buffy coat. It contains WBCs and platelets.

Last layer is the hematocrit, the red blood cells.

38
Q

What is a segmented neutrophil?

A
  • Most abundant WBC
  • First responders to microbial infection
  • Segmented nucleus
  • Pale lilac granules in cytoplasm
  • Target bacteria/fungi
  • Their death in large numbers = pus
39
Q

What is a band neutrophil?

A
  • Immature neutrophil
  • Indicates high demand for WBC
  • Horse shoe shaped nucleus
40
Q

What is an eosinophil?

A 
• Rare in the blood
• Target (hookworm/tapeworm) and allergic
inflammation, spleen and CNS disease
• Nucleus lobes connected by thin strand
• Granule cytoplasm pinky colour
41
Q

What is a basophil?

A

• Most rare WBC
• Coarse dark blue granules in the cytoplasm
• Release histamine and heparin causing
vessel dilation

42
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

• More common in lymphatic system than
blood
• B cells = release antibodies – activate T cells
• T cells = returns normal function to
immune system
• Large dark nucleus with small cytoplasm

43
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

• Largest WBC
• Vacuum cleaners – become tissue
macrophages – removing dead cell debris
• Kidney shaped nucleus with less granulation

44
Q

What does a CBC include?

A

Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, platelets, haemoglobin
concentration, Hemstocrit, Mean Cell Volume (MCV), Mean Cell
Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration
(MCHC)

45
Q

Where are most of the plasma proteins produced?

A

The liver, it makes albumin, globulins, fibrinogen.

46
Q

What does the bone marrow produce?

A

Platelets, RBCs, WBCs

47
Q

What can abnormal platelet morphology indicate?

A

bleeding disorders and leukaemia (cancer of blood-forming tissues)

48
Q

Echinocytes are…

A
  • Crenated RBCs
  • Can occur during fixing stage, too long in fixer, not a fresh sample, collection errors,
  • NOT spikey
  • Do have a central pallor
  • Artifact – mostly insignificant finding
49
Q

Acanthocytes are…

A
  • RBCs
  • Irregular shaped and unevenly surface spikes
  • From changes in cholesterol = can indicate liver disease, DIC
50
Q

Schistocytes are…

A
  • Erythrocyte fragments – half moon fragmented cells
  • Shearing of the RBC from intravascular trauma
  • DIC, iron deficiency, cancer of the spleen
  • Mostly in dogs rather than cats
51
Q

Codocytes are…

A
  • Bulls eye appearance
  • Increased RBC membrane cholesterol to phospholipid ratio
  • Common but mostly insignificant- but can be related to liver disease
  • A large number found should indicate a liver enzyme test
52
Q

Poikilocytosis is…

A
  • General term for “abnormally shaped erythrocytes”
  • Multiple abnormalities simultaneously
  • Acanthocytes, schistocytes, echinocytes
53
Q

Agglutination is…

A

RBC clumping

54
Q

Rouleaux is…

A
  • Looks like stacks of coins
  • Normal in dogs but……
  • Increase numbers can indicate inflammatory diseases
  • Stacked RBCs
55
Q

Heinz bodies are…

A
  • Nose – like projections from cells surface

- ‘pimples’ on red blood surface

56
Q

What is microcytosis?

A

Smaller then normal RBCs

57
Q

What is anisocytosis

A

RBCs that are varying sizes, mostly larger and darker

58
Q

Hypochromasia =

A

Pale across all RBCs

59
Q

Polychromasia =

A

RBCs varying colour, more darker and larger

60
Q

What does non-regenerative anaemia show?

A

-Low PCV
-Cells appear old and pale, shrinking/smaller
-Schistocytes may be present
-Why?
No new cells being released from bone marrow

61
Q

What does regenerative anaemia show?

A

-Low PCV
-Evidence of regeneration = polychromasia and anisocytosis
varying sizes, large and dark
-Why?
Young RBCs are large and nucleated
“young blood cells are BIG AND BLUE”

NZ Vet Nursing: Diagnostics (9 decks)

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