Haematology 1 Blood

Question 1

Haematopoesis

Answer 1

Production of blood and blood components

Question 2

Haemostasis

Answer 2

Blood Coagulation

Question 3

Polycythemia

Answer 3

Abnormally high hematocrit

Question 4

Oncotic or colloid pressure

Answer 4

Osmotic pressure caused by plasma proteins. Protein concentration in the plasma is higher than in the interstitial components. Proteins cannot pass membrane.

Question 5

Paraproteinaemia

Answer 5

Serum electrophoresis: elevated levels of functionless monoclonal immune globulins (gamma, paraproteins, M-proteins) → leukemia, lymphoma

Question 6

Beta-Gamma Type

Answer 6

Serum electrophoresis: fluent passage of beta/gamma peak, high gamma globulins → liver cirrhosis

Question 7

Regulation of haemapoetic stem cells

Answer 7

In medullary cavity in bone marrow → HSC are in the HSC niche, which is created by cells that secrete factors that regulate haematopoiesis.
HSC reside near endosteum or sinusoidal blood vessels

Question 8

Colony stimulating factors

Answer 8

= Growth factors that initiate differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells
Hormone like substance produced in the stromatolites cells of bone marrow, lymphocytes and monocytes
Also:
Erythropoietin: produced in kidney
Thrombopoietin: produced in the liver

Examples:
Multilineage-CSF, Lineage-specific-CSF, Interleukins

Question 9

Erythropoiesis

Answer 9

1. Proerythroblasts
2. Basophil Erythroblasts
3. Polychromatic Erythroblasts: increased hemoglobin accumulation
4. Orthocromatic Erythroblasts
5. Reticuloblasts: Nucleus exclusion, only ER can produce hemoglobin, 1-2 d maturation
6. Erythroblasts: no nucleus, no hemoglobin synthesis

Question 10

Rapoport-Luebering Shunt

Answer 10

Erythrocytes can only generate ATP (+ Lactate) through Glycolysis.

=Erythrocytes can bypass the phosphoglycerate kinase step to produce 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)

2,3-DPG decreases hemoglobins affinity to oxygen → enables release of oxygen at low levels of O2 uptake (ex. Hiking - energy buffer)

Question 11

Benefits of reduced Glutathione (GSH)

Answer 11

1. Scavenger for radicals
2. Important for Glutathione Peroxidase function → eliminated peroxides
3. Protects from hemolysis (because peroxides damage membrane)
4. Protects hemoglobin (peroxides cause oxidation of cysteine sulfhydryl)

Question 12

Spectin and Ankyrin

Answer 12

Cytoskeleton proteins of erythrocytes

Question 13

Partial arterial pressure of oxygen (PO2)

Answer 13

= extent of binding oxygen

the higher the pressure the more hemoglobin is oxygenated and vice versa

Question 14

Carboxyhaemaglobin

Answer 14

CO binds to haemoglobin → inactive

Co affinity is 300x higher → Toxic! Irreversible!

Question 15

Methaemoglobin

Answer 15

Fe2+ → oxidation → Fe3+ → unable to bind to oxygen

Methaemoglobin reductive reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ → can bind oxygen again (reversible)

Question 16

Bohr-Haldane-Effect

Answer 16

Interdependence between O2-affinity of haemoglobin and the CO2 and H+ concentration

Question 17

Haldane-Effect

Answer 17

Lungs: O2 binds to haem and favours CO2 and H+ release

Question 18

Bohr-Effect

Answer 18

Tissue: Conversion of CO2 to HCO3- → H+ ends to globin → favours the release of O2

Question 19

Reticulo-Endothelial-System

Answer 19

= Erythrocyte degradation (after 120 days) in spleen

Haemprotein → Haem + Globin
Haem → Bilirubin (secreted via kidney and liver) + Fe (recycled)

Question 20

Hepacidin

Answer 20

Block iron reabsorption though inhibiting Ferroportin (blocks entry to blood)

Question 21

Haemosiderin

Answer 21

Oversupply of iron leads to lysosomal degradation of ferritin molecules (= iron storage) to haemosiderin

It deposits into macrophages and is released to plasma

Question 22

Added sugars on blood groups

Answer 22

0 = H-Antigen
A = H-Antigen + N-Acetylgalactosamine
B = H-Antigen + Galactose

Sugars are added to H-Antigen through Transferases
Non-self Antigens = Isoagglutinins (IgM)