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Essentials for Disease Process > HAEMATOLOGICAL PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

HAEMATOLOGICAL PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematology?

A

Haematology is the study of blood

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2
Q

Name the 3 cell components of blood

A
  1. Erythrocytes (RBC)
  2. Leukocytes (WBC)
  3. Platelets
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3
Q

What are the components of blood when it is centrifuged? (List from top to bottom)

A

Top: Plasma
Middle: Buffy coat (WBC and Platelets)
Bottom: Red Blood Cells

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4
Q

Define Haematopoiesis

A

The process by which blood cells are ade

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5
Q

Where are blood cells made in adults?

A

In the bone marrow

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6
Q

Where are blood cells made during fetal life?

A

In the yolk sac, liver and spleen

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7
Q

Where are blood cells produced from birth till 5 years

A

In red bone marrow

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8
Q

How is a progenitor cell different from stem cells?

A

Progenitor cells can differentiate into a limited number of specialized cells.

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9
Q

Name 3 Lymphoid stem cells

A
  1. B lymphocyte
  2. T lymphocyte
  3. Natural Killer Cell
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10
Q

Name 3 myeloid stem cells and what they give rise to

A
  1. Granulocyte: neutrophil, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes
  2. Erythroid: RBC
  3. Megakaryocyte: Platelets
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11
Q

What is the life span of RBC?

A

120 days

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12
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

7-10 days

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13
Q

What are the 4 categories of haematological diseases

A
  1. Anaemias
  2. Haematological malignancies
  3. Haemostatic defects
  4. Transfusion medicine
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14
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Carrier of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What regulates erythropoiesis and where is it produced?

A

The protein erythropoietin regulates erythropoiesis and is produced primarily in the kidney and secondarily in the liver

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16
Q

Define aneamia

A

The decrease in haemoglobin below the normal range for the age and sex of the patient

17
Q

Mention 5 symptoms of an anaemic patient

A
  1. Shortness of breath
  2. Palpitations
  3. Headaches
  4. Weakness
  5. Lethargy
18
Q

What underlying disease can cause anaemia?

A
  1. Jaundice
  2. Bone deformities
  3. Leg Ulcers
19
Q

What are the causes of anaemia (3)?

A
  1. Decreased red blood cell production
  2. Increased red blood cell destruction
  3. Large blood loss
20
Q

Describe how RBC is produced (3)

A
  1. Normocytes in bone marrow undergo differentiation
  2. Reticulocytes are released into the peripheral blood
  3. RBC will mature in 1-2 days
21
Q

In which part of bone marrow are blood cells and fat cells made respectively?

A

Blood cells - Red marrow

Fat cells - Yellow marrow

22
Q

How do pathologists get bone marrow (2)?

A
  1. Bone marrow aspiration (fluid)

2. Bone marrow trephine (tissue)

23
Q

What is the function of the spleen? (2)

A
  1. Controls red blood cell integrity

2. Immune response

24
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

25
Q

What protein controls the process of thrombopoiesis/megakaryopoiesis?

A

Thrombopoietin

26
Q

Define thrombocytopenia

A

Decreased platelet mass, which leads to an increase in unbound thrombopoietin

27
Q

Name 5 main causes of thrombocytopenia

A
  1. Decreased platelet production
  2. Increased platelet consumption
  3. Abnormal platelet distribution
  4. Platelet clumping
  5. Bone marrow failure
28
Q

Define thrombocytosis

A

An excessive number of platelets in the blood leads to a decrease in unbound thrombopoietin which decreases thrombopoiesis

29
Q

Name 3 causes for thrombocytosis

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Chronic myeloid leukemia
  3. Inflammatory disease
30
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Form a platelet plug/clot when the endothelium is damaged

31
Q

Name the platelet membrane structure responsible for platelet aggregation

A

Glycoprotein 2b/3a

32
Q

Name the platelet membrane structure responsible for platelet adhesion

A

Glycoprotein 1b/5/9 - von Willebrand factor receptor

Essentials for Disease Process (4 decks)

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