Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology and Haematology > Haematological Malignancies > Flashcards

Haematological Malignancies Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the epidemiology of haematological malignancies?

(sex, age)

A

Males > Females

All age groups, including children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the 6 most common cancers?

A
  1. Breast
  2. Prostate
  3. Lung
  4. Bowel
  5. Melanoma skin cancer
  6. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Leukaemia and myeloma makes top 20 list

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common group of blood cancers?

A

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of haematological malignancies?

A
  1. Acquired (NOT CONGENITAL) genetic alterations in a long lived cell
    1. Such as stem cell
  2. Proliferation/survival advantage to that mutated cell
  3. Produces malignant clone
  4. Malignant clone grows to dominate the tissue (such as bone marrow or lymph nodes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do stem cells divide?

A

Stem cells are self-renewal:

  • When stem cell divides, one of the daughter cells are retained
  • The other develops into another cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the growth of malignant stem cells?

A
  • One cell is genetically altered over time
    • Risk factors – radiation exposure, genetic congenital abnormality such as Down Syndrome
  • This at first, after one mutation, is asymptomatic
  • But with time a further mutation occurs and grows
  • This continues, 3, 4, 5 mutations, then eventually the disease takes of as due to big growth advantage dominates the normal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are risk factors for genetic alterations to cells?

A
  • Risk factors – radiation exposure, genetic congenital abnormality such as Down Syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can haematological malignanices be grouped?

A
  • Myeloid malignancies
    • Acute myeloid leukaemia
    • Myeloproliferative disorders
  • Lymphoid malignancies
    • Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
    • Mature lymphoid malignancies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are examples of myeloid malignancies?

A
  • Acute myeloid leukaemia
  • Myeloproliferative disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are examples of lymphoid malignancies?

A
  • Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
  • Mature lymphoid malignancies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does AML stand for?

A

Acute myeloid leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of AML?

A
  • Genetic alterations happen to the myeloid progenitor
  • So they divide and remain immature, never developing into mature blood cells
  • Replace bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of myeloproliferative disorders?

A
  • Genetic alteration occurs after stem cell stage after differentiate so lots of mature cells such as red blood cells or another blood cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does ALL stand for?

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of ALL?

A
  • Genetic alterations occur to lymphoid progenitor stem cell
  • Which divides and does not differentiate further
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between leukaemia and lymphoma?

A

These are just descriptive terms, describing distribution of disease in body:

  • If found predominantly in blood and bone marrow is called leukaemia
  • If found in lymph nodes, or other organs like liver, then lymphoma

Term is used for how the disease most commonly presents

17
Q

Describe the structure of a lymph node?

A
18
Q

Where do B cells develop?

A

Germinal centre of lymph nodes

19
Q

Describe the development of B cells?

A
  1. Released from bone marrow
  2. Enter germinal centre and exposed to antigen from antigen presenting cells
    1. Requires a lot of genetic rearrangement – potential for B cell lymphoma (most common kind)
  3. Emerge as plasma or memory B cells
20
Q

What are different causes of lymphadenopathy?

A
  • If localised and painful
    • Bacterial infection in draining site
  • Localised and painless
    • Rare infections, catch scratch fever, TB
    • Metastatic carcinoma from draining site – hard
    • Lymphoma – rubbery
    • Reactive, no cause identified
  • Generalised and painful
    • Viral infections, EBV, CMV, hepatitis, HIV
  • Generalised and painless
    • Lymphoma
    • Leukaemia
    • Connective tissue disease
    • Reactive, no cause identified
    • Drugs
21
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Disease of the lymph nodes where they are abnormal in size or consistency

22
Q

What is the cause of lymphadenopathy likely to be if it is localised and painful?

A
  • Bacterial infection in draining site
23
Q

What is the cause of lymphadenopathy likely to be if it is localised and painless?

A
  • Rare infections, catch scratch fever, TB
  • Metastatic carcinoma from draining site – hard
  • Lymphoma – rubbery
  • Reactive, no cause identified
24
Q

What is the cause of lymphadenopathy likely to be if it is generalised and painful?

A

Viral infections, EBV, CMV, hepatitis, HIV

25
Q

What is the cause of lymphadenopathy likely to be if it is generalised and painless?

A
  • Lymphoma
  • Leukaemia
  • Connective tissue disease
  • Reactive, no cause identified
  • Drugs
26
Q

Describe the presentation of lymphoma?

A
  • Nodal disease
    • Lymphadenopathy
  • Extra-nodal disease
  • Systemic symptoms
    • Fever, drenching sweats, loss of weight, pruritus, fatigue
27
Q

Summarise the different kinds of haematological malignancies?

A
  • Acute laukaemias
    • Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
    • Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
  • Chronic leukaemias
    • Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
    • Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
  • Malignant lymphomas
    • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
    • Hodgkin lymphoma (AL)
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)
  • Chronic myeloproliferative diseases
28
Q

What does CML stand for?

A

Chronic myeloid leukaemia

29
Q

What does CLL stand for?

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

30
Q

What does NHL stand for?

A

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

31
Q

What does AL stand for?

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

32
Q

What does MDS stand for?

A

Myelodysplasic syndromes

Immunology and Haematology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions