Haematological malignancies Flashcards
What type of cells are implicated in acute myeloid leukaemia?
Myeloid progenitor cells (undifferentiated myeloid cells)
What conditions arise from defects in mature myeloid cells (differentiated myeloid cells)?
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
Myeloproliferative disorders
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Give three examples of myeloproliferative disorders
Polycythaemia vera - red cells
Essential thrombocytopenia - platelets
Idiopathic myelofibrosis - fibrous tissue in bone marrow
Describe the presentation of AML
Bone marrow failure
- anaemia
- thrombocytopenic bleeding (petechiae/purpura, bleeding from mucous membranes)
Neutropenia (commonly presents with infection)
Describe the presentation of CML
Anaemia –> fatigue/lethargy may be the only symptom
(Massive) splenomegaly
Weight loss
Hyperleukostasis (raised white cell count)
Gout
What type of cells are implicated in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)?
Lymphoid progenitor cells (undifferentiated)
What conditions arise from defects in mature lymphoid cells (differentiated lymphoid cells)?
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
Lymphoma (Hodgkin/non-Hodgkin)
Multiple Myeloma (plasma cells)
Describe the presentation of ALL
Bone marrow failure Hyperleukostasis (raised white cell count) Bone pain Infection Night sweats
Describe the presentation of CLL
Often asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally Most common symptom is fatigue due to anaemia (often the only symptom) Bone marrow failure - anaemia - thrombocytopenia Lymphadenopathy Splenomegaly Fever and sweats
Describe the presentation of lymphoma
Lymphadenopathy Hepatosplenomegaly B symptoms - fever - night sweats - weight loss
What is stage I lymphoma?
One lymph node is involved
What is stage II lymphoma?
Multiple nodes are involved but only one side of the diaphragm
What is stage III lymphoma?
Multiple nodes are involved, and are present on both sides of the diaphragm
What is stage IV lymphoma?
Extra-nodal involvement
What is the difference between Stage (I-IV)A and Stage (I-IV)B lymphoma?
A = absence of B symptoms B = presence of B symptoms: - fever - night sweats - weight loss
