Haematological cancers Flashcards by aderonke adesanoye

Myeloma describes a…

Malignancy of plasma cells leading to the abnormal production of immunoglobulins

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_____________ is a premalignant myeloma

Smouldering myeloma

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_________ is a single type of immunoglobulin produced by cancerous plasma cells in myeloma

Monoclonal paraproteins

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______________ are light chains of immunoglobulins excreted in the kidneys, seen in myeloma.

Bence-Jones proteins

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Myeloma accounts for ____% of all cancers.

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CRAB presentation of myeloma

C- hypercalcaemia

R- Renal dysfunction

A- Anaemia

B- Bone metastasis (lytic lesions)

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Anaemia, _______ and _______arises in myeloma due to…

Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia

Abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in bone marrow
- Disrupts many haematopoietic lines.

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Myeloma bone disease typically occurs in which bones?

Skull
Long bones
Spine
Ribs

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The increased osteoclast acitivity in myeloma leads to ________ and ________

Osteolytic bone lesions and hypercalcaemia.

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People with myeloma can develop _______ which are plasma cell tumours in bone/soft tissue,

Plasmacytoma

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Renal dysfunction occurs in myeloma due to…

Immunoglobulins blocking the tubules and hypercalcaemia from osteolytic bone activity

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Risk factors for myeloma

Increasing age

Male

Black, African

Obese

Family history

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Bruising, bleeds and visual impairment can occurs in myeloma due to…

Raised plasma viscosity arising from increased plasma proteins (immunoglobulins)

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Specific investigations for myeloma (BLIP)

B- Urine Bence-Jones proteins (electrophoresis)

L- Serum Free light-chain assay

I- Serum immunoglobulins

P- Serum protein electrophoresis

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Myeloma is definitely diagnosed via _______

Bone marrow biopsy and histology

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X-ray findings for myeloma

Lytic bone lesions
- Punched out

Raindrop skill

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Acute treatment for myeloma

Dexamethasone
- Suppresses Ig production

Chemotherapy

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Definite treatment for myeloma

Stem cell transplant

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Treatment for myeloma bone disease

Bisphosphonates
Palliative radiotherapy
Surgery for fractures
Cement augementation

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The most common form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma in adults is…

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)

Burkitt’s lymphoma is associated with which genetic mutation

Translocation 8:14 (t(8:14)) of c-myc gene

MALT lymphoma is associated with which infection

H pylori

______ is a drug used in low grade, localised non-Hodgkins lymphoma. It works by inducing apoptosis via CD20

Rituximab

Hodgkin lymphoma are characterised by ______ cells

Reed-Sternberg cells

The most common type of Hodgkin lymphoma is...

Nodular sclerosis - Contains collagen bands separating cellular nodules.

_______ is the least common type of Hodgkin lymphoma with the worse prognosis

Lymphocyte deplete - Contains diffuse fibrosis.

________ population are at high risk of Hodgkin lymphoma

Jewish

Symptoms of lymphoma

Painless lump B symptoms - Weight loss - Night sweats/ Fever - Fatigue Pruritis Recurrent infections Intolerance to alcohol (Hodgkin)

Signs of lymphoma

Lymphadeopathy Pale conjuctiva, pallor Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly

______ is non-specifically raised in lymphoma

LDH

_____ is an inflammatory marker than is used as a prognostic factor in lymphoma

ESR

________ is carried out for staging lymphoma

Bone marrow trephine and aspirate

What infections are associated with lymphoma

HIV EBV

Lymphoma is staged using what classification?

Ann Arbor staging

In Ann Arbor staging of lymphoma, Stage 1= Stage 2= Stage 3= Stage 4=

1= Lymphoma in one region 2= Affects >1 region on one side of the diaphragm 3= Affects above and below diaphragm 4= Widespread, non-lymphatic organs affected.

Auer rods are associated with...

Acute myeloid leukaemia

Philadelphia chromosome is associated with...

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (most common) ALL

A myeloproliferative disorder can progress into what type of malignancy?

Acute myeloid leukaemia

Deletions in chromsome 5 or 7 is associated with which haematological malignancy

Acute myeloid leukaemia

Tumour lysis syndrome can be treated using...

Allopurinol Rasburicase

Tumour lysis syndrome occurs when...

Uric acid is released into blood during cell breakdown from chemotherapy - causing crystalisaiton in kidnyes

Tumour lysis syndrome presents with elevated ______, _______ and _______ in the blood

Uric acid Potassium Phosphate

Downs syndrome is associated with which haematological malignancy?

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia is associated with which haematological malignancy?

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Transformation of ______ into high grade lymphoma is called ______

CLL transformation = Richter's transformation

_________ is the most common first line agent for chronic myeloid leukaemia and acts by ______

Imatinib - Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (of ACL-BCR oncogene)

The most common leukaemia in adults is...

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Smear/ smudge cells are associated with which haematological malignancy?

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Hypogammaglobulinaemia is associated with ______ leukaemia

Chronic lymphocytic