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402: OHP > Haematological cancers > Flashcards

Haematological cancers Flashcards

1
Q

Myeloma describes a…

A

Malignancy of plasma cells leading to the abnormal production of immunoglobulins

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2
Q

_____________ is a premalignant myeloma

A

Smouldering myeloma

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3
Q

_________ is a single type of immunoglobulin produced by cancerous plasma cells in myeloma

A

Monoclonal paraproteins

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4
Q

______________ are light chains of immunoglobulins excreted in the kidneys, seen in myeloma.

A

Bence-Jones proteins

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5
Q

Myeloma accounts for ____% of all cancers.

A

1%

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6
Q

CRAB presentation of myeloma

A

C- hypercalcaemia

R- Renal dysfunction

A- Anaemia

B- Bone metastasis (lytic lesions)

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7
Q

Anaemia, _______ and _______arises in myeloma due to…

A

Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia

Abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in bone marrow
- Disrupts many haematopoietic lines.

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8
Q

Myeloma bone disease typically occurs in which bones?

A
  • Skull
  • Long bones
  • Spine
  • Ribs
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9
Q

The increased osteoclast acitivity in myeloma leads to ________ and ________

A

Osteolytic bone lesions and hypercalcaemia.

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10
Q

People with myeloma can develop _______ which are plasma cell tumours in bone/soft tissue,

A

Plasmacytoma

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11
Q

Renal dysfunction occurs in myeloma due to…

A

Immunoglobulins blocking the tubules and hypercalcaemia from osteolytic bone activity

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12
Q

Risk factors for myeloma

A

Increasing age

Male

Black, African

Obese

Family history

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13
Q

Bruising, bleeds and visual impairment can occurs in myeloma due to…

A

Raised plasma viscosity arising from increased plasma proteins (immunoglobulins)

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14
Q

Specific investigations for myeloma (BLIP)

A

B- Urine Bence-Jones proteins (electrophoresis)

L- Serum Free light-chain assay

I- Serum immunoglobulins

P- Serum protein electrophoresis

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15
Q

Myeloma is definitely diagnosed via _______

A

Bone marrow biopsy and histology

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16
Q

X-ray findings for myeloma

A

Lytic bone lesions
- Punched out

Raindrop skill

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17
Q

Acute treatment for myeloma

A

Dexamethasone
- Suppresses Ig production

Chemotherapy

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18
Q

Definite treatment for myeloma

A

Stem cell transplant

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19
Q

Treatment for myeloma bone disease

A
  • Bisphosphonates
  • Palliative radiotherapy
  • Surgery for fractures
  • Cement augementation
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20
Q

The most common form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma in adults is…

A

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)

21
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma is associated with which genetic mutation

A

Translocation 8:14 (t(8:14)) of c-myc gene

22
Q

MALT lymphoma is associated with which infection

A

H pylori

23
Q

______ is a drug used in low grade, localised non-Hodgkins lymphoma. It works by inducing apoptosis via CD20

A

Rituximab

24
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma are characterised by ______ cells

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

25
Q

The most common type of Hodgkin lymphoma is…

A

Nodular sclerosis
- Contains collagen bands separating cellular nodules.

26
Q

_______ is the least common type of Hodgkin lymphoma with the worse prognosis

A

Lymphocyte deplete
- Contains diffuse fibrosis.

27
Q

________ population are at high risk of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Jewish

28
Q

Symptoms of lymphoma

A

Painless lump

B symptoms
- Weight loss
- Night sweats/ Fever
- Fatigue

Pruritis

Recurrent infections

Intolerance to alcohol (Hodgkin)

29
Q

Signs of lymphoma

A

Lymphadeopathy

Pale conjuctiva, pallor

Hepatomegaly

Splenomegaly

30
Q

______ is non-specifically raised in lymphoma

A

LDH

31
Q

_____ is an inflammatory marker than is used as a prognostic factor in lymphoma

A

ESR

32
Q

________ is carried out for staging lymphoma

A

Bone marrow trephine and aspirate

33
Q

What infections are associated with lymphoma

A

HIV

EBV

34
Q

Lymphoma is staged using what classification?

A

Ann Arbor staging

35
Q

In Ann Arbor staging of lymphoma,
Stage 1=
Stage 2=
Stage 3=
Stage 4=

A

1= Lymphoma in one region

2= Affects >1 region on one side of the diaphragm

3= Affects above and below diaphragm

4= Widespread, non-lymphatic organs affected.

36
Q

Auer rods are associated with…

A

Acute myeloid leukaemia

37
Q

Philadelphia chromosome is associated with…

A

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (most common)

ALL

38
Q

A myeloproliferative disorder can progress into what type of malignancy?

A

Acute myeloid leukaemia

39
Q

Deletions in chromsome 5 or 7 is associated with which haematological malignancy

A

Acute myeloid leukaemia

40
Q

Tumour lysis syndrome can be treated using…

A

Allopurinol

Rasburicase

41
Q

Tumour lysis syndrome occurs when…

A

Uric acid is released into blood during cell breakdown from chemotherapy
- causing crystalisaiton in kidnyes

42
Q

Tumour lysis syndrome presents with elevated ______, _______ and _______ in the blood

A

Uric acid

Potassium

Phosphate

43
Q

Downs syndrome is associated with which haematological malignancy?

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

44
Q

Warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia is associated with which haematological malignancy?

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

45
Q

Transformation of ______ into high grade lymphoma is called ______

A

CLL transformation = Richter’s transformation

46
Q

_________ is the most common first line agent for chronic myeloid leukaemia and acts by ______

A

Imatinib
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (of ACL-BCR oncogene)

47
Q

The most common leukaemia in adults is…

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

48
Q

Smear/ smudge cells are associated with which haematological malignancy?

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

49
Q

Hypogammaglobulinaemia is associated with ______ leukaemia

A

Chronic lymphocytic

402: OHP (9 decks)

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