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Haem Flashcards

1
Q

Rouleaux formation

A

Stacks of RBCs, give high ESR

Can be caused by increased immunoglobulin production in multiple myeloma

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2
Q

Schistocytes

A

Red cell fragments, indicate intravascular haemolysis

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3
Q

Granulocytes with absent granulation and hypo segmented nuclei

A

Myelodysplastic syndrome

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4
Q

Dacrocytes

A

Tear drop shaped cells seen in myelofibrosis

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5
Q

Smear cells

A

Seen in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

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6
Q

Sternberg-Reed cells

A

Hogkin’s lymphoma

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7
Q

Auer rods

A

Cytoplasmic inclusions in myeloblastic cells

Acute myeloid leukaemia

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8
Q

Basophilic stippling

A

Lead poisoning, microcytic anaemia

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9
Q

IDA on blood film

A

Hypochromic
Microcytic
Anisocytosis
Poikilocytosis

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10
Q

Dimorphic blood film + hypochromic/microcytic cells

A

sideroblastic anaemia

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11
Q

Most common inherited haemolytic anaemia in northern europe

A

hereditary spherocytosis

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12
Q

Blood profile in haemolytic anaemia

A 
Low Hb
High reticulocytes
High MCV 
High unconjugated bilirubin 
Low haptoglobin
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13
Q

Trimethoprims can cause what type of anaemia, what are they commonly used to treat

A

Macrocytic as they inhibit dihydrofolate reductase

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14
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies

A

Indicate hyposplenism. Represent basophilic nuclear remnants in circulating erythrocytes that are usually removed by spleen.

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15
Q

Hypochromic microcytic anaemia

Target cells

Nucleated red cells

High reticulocyte count

A

Thalassemia

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16
Q

Coeliac disease can increase risk of which cancer

A

GI lymphoma

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17
Q

heinz bodies

A

oxidised haemoglobin

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18
Q

Acute myeloid leukaemia is associated with which weird sign

A

Gum hypertrophy

Monocytic infiltration

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19
Q

What extra testing do you need to do in acute myelocytic leukaemia

A

clotting studies, fibrinogen, d-dimers

as can cause DIC

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20
Q

Most common chromosomal abnormalities in CLL

A

Trisomy 12

11q/13q deletions

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21
Q

CLL overlaps with

A

non-hogkin’s lymphoma

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22
Q

Which type fo leukaemia is largely asymptomatic?

A

CLL

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23
Q

What autoimmune phenomena is CLL associated with?

A

AHA

Thrombocytopenia

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24
Q

What are the blood results of someone with CLL?

A

Low Hb, platelets, serum IgG (seems to affect B cells more than T)
Lymphocytosis

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25
Q

Symptoms of hyper viscosity

A

Headaches
Visual disturbance
Priapism

26
Q

In what condition are haptoglobin low

A

Haemolytic anaemia

27
Q

Spleen lies at rib level

A

9-11

28
Q

Causes of massive splenomegaly

A 
Myelofibrosis 
CML
Malaria
Gaucher's syndrome 
Visceral leishmaniasis
29
Q

How long do the body’s vitamin B12 stores last?

A

2-3mg

2-4years

30
Q

If a patient is deficient in folate and vitB12 which do you replace first and why?

A

VitB12, as otherwise get sub-acute combined degeneration of spinal cord

31
Q

Where do T lymphocytes undergo maturation?

A

Thymus

32
Q

MOD of transexemic acid

A

Anti-fibrinolytic

33
Q

Common cause of macrocytic anaemia normoblastic

A

liver disease/chronic alcohol intake

34
Q

What do reed-sternberg cells look like

A

binucleate lymphocytes

35
Q

What is the cyclical fever referred to in Hogkin’s lymphoma?

A

Pel Ebstein fever

36
Q

What staging is used for Hogkin’s lymphoma?

A

Ann-Arbor staging

37
Q

What as an example of a skin rash seen in non-hogkin’s lymphoma?

A

Mycosis fungicides

38
Q

What type of murmur can you get with malignancies of the blood?

A

Cardiac flow murmur

39
Q

What happens to the spleen in myelodysplasia?

A

Usually not enlarged, unless chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia

40
Q

In what condition may you see low granulocytes or granulocytes not granulated?

A

Myelodysplasia

41
Q

In what condition are tear drop cells seen?

A

Myelofibrosis

42
Q

In what condition do you get a dry tap?

A

Myelofibrosis

43
Q

Fibrotic hypercellular marrow, with dense reticulin fibres on silver staining

A

Myelofibrosis

44
Q

Most common cause of hypercoagulability in white populations

A

Factor V leiden

45
Q

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia

A

Affects ability of platelets to adhere to wall. Autosomal recessive. APTT & PT normal. Diagnosed by positive coagulation with ristocetin.

46
Q

What mutation is associated with polycythaemia rubra vera?

A

JAK2

47
Q

Gaisbrock syndrome

A

Young male smokers with hypertension can get decrease in plasma volume and apparent increase in red cell count -> polycythaemia

48
Q

When are isotope dilution techniques used diagnostically?

A

To distinguish between absolute vs relative polycythaemia

49
Q

Decrease in serum EPO seen in what malignant condition

A

Polycythaemia rubra vera

50
Q

Decrease in serum EPO seen in what myeloproliferative condition

A

Polycythaemia rubra vera

51
Q

What are some abnormal signs of ALL

A 
Testicular swelling 
Cranial nerve palsies
Retinal haemorrhage 
Papilloedema 
Leukaemic infiltration of anterior chamber of eye
52
Q

What happens to the gums in AML

A

Gum hypertrophy

53
Q

In which leukaemia do you see a decrease in serum IgG

A

CLL, as mainly affects B cells

54
Q

What are the two peaks of hogkin’s lymphoma

A

peak at 20-30

peak post 50

55
Q

In which myeloproliferative disorder can you get hyperCa

A

non-hogkin’s lymphoma

56
Q

How do you distinguish between AHA and hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Direct coomb’s test is negative in HS

57
Q

Burr cells indicate

A

Uraemia

58
Q

Howell jolly bodies

A

hyposplenism

59
Q

Target cells seen in

A

IDA

60
Q

Lifespan of sickle cell patient

A

50 years even if its managed well

61
Q

What two facial features can be seen in vitB12 deficiency

A

Glossitis and angular stomatitis

62
Q

Common factors

A

I, II, V, X

Presentations (7 decks)

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