Haem

Question 1

What factors do antithrombin inhibit

Answer 1

2,9,10,11

Question 2

What factors do warfarin inhibit

Answer 2

2,7,9,10 (vitamin K dependent). These need vit K for gla domain synthesis. Gla domain allows them to bind to negatively charged platelet membranes to activate clotting factors

Question 3

how does heparin work

Answer 3

potentiates antithrombin action

Question 4

how much iron do we need every day

Answer 4

20mg

Question 5

3 causes of low MCV

Answer 5

Iron deficiency
Anaemia of chronic disease
Thalassemia trait

Question 6

Name some factors produced by endothelial cells

Answer 6

prostacyclin
thrombomodulin
vWF
plasminogen activator

Question 7

Which factors stimulate the following cell lines:

a. Lymphoid
b. Myeloid
c. Erythroid

Answer 7

a. Lymphoid - IL-2
b. Myeloid - G-CSF, M-CSF
c. Erythroid - Erythropoietin

Question 8

Cause of neutrophilia? (sofia LO)

Answer 8

Infection 
Inflammation 
Physical stress 
Adrenaline 
Corticosteroids 
Underlying neoplasia

Question 9

Causes of eosinophilia? (LO)

Answer 9

1. Parasitic infection
2. Allergic diseases e.g. asthma
3. Neoplasms e.g. Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s
4. Hypereosinophilic syndrome
5. Malignant chronic eosinophilic leukaemia (INCREDIBLY RARE)

Question 10

What fusion gene causes ALL

Answer 10

Translocation between chromosome 12 and chromosome 21

Fusion gene: ETV6-RUNX1 on chromosome 12

Question 11

3 ways to measure transferrin levels

Answer 11

TIBC -draw out blood and see how much iron the blood can carry, this indirectly measures transferrin levels and is cheaper
Transferrin levels
transferrin saturation

Question 12

clinical features of b12 or folate deficiency

Answer 12

Theyre important for DNA synthesis so affects many rapidly dividng cells
Anaemia (macrocytic and megaloblastic)
Jaundice (due to ineffective erythropoiesis)
Angular Cheilosis (inflammation of mouth corners)
Glossitis
Sterility (cannot reproduce)
Weight loss and change of bowel habit (turnover of gut cells affected)

Question 13

causes of macrocytic anaemia

Answer 13

1. Vitamin B12/Folate deficiency
2. Liver disease and alcoholism
3. Hypothyroidism
4. Haematological disorders eg reticulocytosis
5. Drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis