H&P Definitions/Abnormalities

Question 1

tactile agnosia + test to ID

Answer 1

inability to recognize objects by touch

stereognosis test

Question 2

patterns of sensory loss

Answer 2

single nerve 
polyneuropathy 
multiple spinal nerve roots 
transverse lesion 
Brown Sequard syndrome

Question 3

Brown squared syndrome

Answer 3

pain and temperature sensation occur 1-2 dermatomes on contralateral side below lesion

proprioceptive loss and motor paralysis on ipsilateral side

Question 4

abnormal abdominal reflex

Answer 4

UMN or LMN disorder

Question 5

babinski sign

Answer 5

plantar reflex

fanning of tows or dorsiflexion of great toe

indicated UMND (pyramidal tract)

Question 6

grading reflexes >2

Answer 6

hyperactive, UMND

Question 7

grading reflexes <2

Answer 7

sluggish, neuropathy

LMND

Question 8

Clonus

Answer 8

following dorsiflexion stimulus, foot plantar reflexes uncontrollably for a measured amount of time

UMND

Question 9

Asterixis

Answer 9

sudden, brief, non-rhythmic flexion of hands and fingers “flapping tremor”

Question 10

meningeal signs

Answer 10

nucal rigidity
brudzinski sign
Kernig sign

Question 11

nucal rigidity

Answer 11

flexes neck until chin touches chest

pain/resistance to movement

Question 12

Brudzinski sign

Answer 12

flex neck, observe for flexion of hips and knees

Question 13

Kernig Sign

Answer 13

passive extension of knee, pain or resistance when straightening knee

Question 14

basal ganglia disease causes which signs?

Answer 14

increased muscle tone (rigidity, dystonia, bradykenesia) 
involuntary movements (tremor, chorea, tardive dyskinesia) 

I.e. Huntington’s and Parkinson’s

Question 15

dystonia

Answer 15

involuntary abnormal posture

Question 16

chorea

Answer 16

writhing movements of body

Question 17

tardive dyskinesia

Answer 17

involuntary tongue movement

Question 18

diseases of cerebellum cause which signs?

Answer 18

ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia

Question 19

dysmetria + testing

Answer 19

inability to target object

finger to nose testing

Question 20

dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 20

inability to perform rapid, alternating movement

Question 21

apraxia

Answer 21

inability to perform particular purposeful actions

Question 22

antalgic gait

Answer 22

“painful limp”

attempting to avoid pain while walking, shortened stance compared to swing

Question 23

hemiparetic gait

Answer 23

unilateral weakness, UMN dz

affected UE is held flexed without swing, while affected LE is extended

circumduction of leg

Question 24

parkinsonian gait

Answer 24

rigid, Bradykinetic

posture stooped forward, slow to get started/difficult to stop

turning is en bloc

Question 25

Neuropathic stoppage gait

Answer 25

pick up knee, slap foot down high stepping to avoid dragging, unable to heel walk indicates disc issue/peripheral neuropathy

Question 26

Diplegic gait

Answer 26

scissoring | spasticity of LE, hips and knees flexed/adducted