H CH2-4 History, env., social structure

Question 1

span of control

Answer 1

optimal number of subordinates to be overseen by one manager

Question 2

unity of command

Answer 2

each subordinate should report to only one boss

Question 3

scalar principle

Answer 3

• when each position in an org.is subordinated to only one other person
  ties the whole org. together by dictating that subordinates at every level follow the chain of command, communication only with their immediate boss

Question 4

Barnhard

Answer 4

normative advice for developing org. into social systems based on cooperation; communication of goals

Question 5

Socio-technical systems theory

Answer 5

autonomous work groups are technically not as efficient, but accomplish more work, and workers are more satisfied.

Question 6

How are org. made effective in contingency theory

Answer 6

by aligning their multiple subsystems in ways that max performance for their particular situation

Question 7

reification

Answer 7

making something real

Question 8

cooptation

Answer 8

a taking over or appropriation of something for a new or different purpose

Question 9

What is reality in symbolic?

Answer 9

a socially constructed diversity

- coherence

Question 10

What is reality in postmodern?

Answer 10

A plurality of simulacrum
- incoherence and fragmentation

A simulacrum (plural: simulacra from Latin: simulacrum, which means “likeness, similarity”) is a representation or imitation of a person or thing.

Question 11

Reality in modern?

Answer 11

• an independent unity

- convergence

Question 12

Knowledge in Modern

Answer 12

Universal

- developed through facts

Question 13

Knowledge in Symbolic

Answer 13

Particular

- developed through interpretation

Question 14

Knowledge in Postmodern

Answer 14

Provisional = arranged or existing for the present, possibly to be changed later.
- developed through decentering, deconstructing

Question 15

Model for human relationships Modern

Answer 15

hierarchy, domination

-> control

Question 16

Model for human relationships Symbolic

Answer 16

Community, diversity

-> understanding, tolerance

Question 17

Model for human relationships Postmodern

Answer 17

Reflexivity
In epistemology, and more specifically, the sociology of knowledge, reflexivity refers to circular relationships between cause and effect, especially as embedded in human belief structures
-> appreciation, emancipation

Question 18

structure

Answer 18

stable relationship among parts of a system

Question 19

physical structure

Answer 19

spatial-temporal relationship btw its material elements

Question 20

social structure

Answer 20

relationship btw. the roles and responsibilities members assume within their org.

Question 21

measures of integration

Answer 21

accountability, rules, liaison roles, cross-functional teams, direct contact

Question 22

Is hierarchy a form of integration

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

Is a bureaucracy centralized

Answer 23

No, it is decentralized. A mechanic structure is centralized

Question 24

aim of contingency theory

Answer 24

to maximize org. performance (profit, job satisfaction)

Question 25

What does the functional design maximize?

Answer 25

economies of scale

• groups activities according to similarity in nature of work
• a functional structure evolves when an org. grows too complex to maintain a simple structure

Question 26

Downside of functional structure

Answer 26

• goals of different unity may come into conflict

- employees may create great unit to department than to org. as a whole–> functional silos

Question 27

Which form comes after the functional design?

Answer 27

• Multidivisional M-form
• set of separate, functionally structured org.
• grow larger than functional counterparts

Question 28

shortcoming of M-form

Answer 28

• rarely profitable as the functional design (duplicates every function)

Question 29

Matrix structure

Answer 29

• combines the efficiency of functional design with the responsiveness of multidivisional design
• -> but conflict built into the dual lines of authortiy

Question 30

Advantage and disadvantage of network org.

Answer 30

• exploit opportunities before competitor realize, exploitation of network partner

Question 31

Org. lifecycle entrepreneurial phase

Answer 31

focus on creating and selling its products

• if successful need of professional management, too complex for single ind. to monitor all activities
• -> leadership crisis

Question 32

Org. lifecycle collectivity phase

Answer 32

• management of increased differentiation brought on by growth is the new aim
• -> centralization leads to bottleneck for action
• -> autonomy crisis (decision-making is missed at the level where action is needed)

Question 33

Org. lifecycle delegation phase

Answer 33

• solves autonomy crisis
• decentralization leads to control loss
• -> crisis of control (bureaucracy occurs)

Question 34

Org. lifecycle formalization phase

Answer 34

• crisis of red tape

Question 35

Org. lifecycle collaboration

Answer 35

• teamwork redistributes the now over differentiated tasks
• trust is a big issue, management will fail to allow for necessary change
• -> crisis of renewal (lethargy, too much change)
• > new form of org. or decline and death

Question 36

support phase (open system theory)

Answer 36

are purchasing and sales and they create pressure to integrate to make sure that any lack of raw materials or other inputs will not interrupt transformation processes

Question 37

maintenance phase (open system theory)

Answer 37

• accommodate Accounting, personnel…

- not highly interdependent with purchasing, sales and production

Question 38

adaptation phase (open system theory)

Answer 38

• respond to env. change

- development of new product or service offerings

Question 39

duality of structure and agency

Answer 39

• while structure enables and constrains action, action constitutes structure
• > mutual process is called structurization

Question 40

instantiation

Answer 40

structuration occurs everywhere at every instant, and thus something is constatly occurring

Question 41

practice

Answer 41

any set of reputable actions informed by the knowledge share among those situated in a field

Question 42

field

Answer 42

structure with an internal logic that establishes hierarchical relationships on the basis of the distribution of particular form of capital.

Question 43

habitus

Answer 43

the site where the internalization of the social order into the body occurs