H CH2-4 History, env., social structure Flashcards
span of control
optimal number of subordinates to be overseen by one manager
unity of command
each subordinate should report to only one boss
scalar principle
- when each position in an org.is subordinated to only one other person
ties the whole org. together by dictating that subordinates at every level follow the chain of command, communication only with their immediate boss
Barnhard
normative advice for developing org. into social systems based on cooperation; communication of goals
Socio-technical systems theory
autonomous work groups are technically not as efficient, but accomplish more work, and workers are more satisfied.
How are org. made effective in contingency theory
by aligning their multiple subsystems in ways that max performance for their particular situation
reification
making something real
cooptation
a taking over or appropriation of something for a new or different purpose
What is reality in symbolic?
a socially constructed diversity
- coherence
What is reality in postmodern?
A plurality of simulacrum
- incoherence and fragmentation
A simulacrum (plural: simulacra from Latin: simulacrum, which means “likeness, similarity”) is a representation or imitation of a person or thing.
Reality in modern?
- an independent unity
- convergence
Knowledge in Modern
Universal
- developed through facts
Knowledge in Symbolic
Particular
- developed through interpretation
Knowledge in Postmodern
Provisional = arranged or existing for the present, possibly to be changed later.
- developed through decentering, deconstructing
Model for human relationships Modern
hierarchy, domination
-> control
Model for human relationships Symbolic
Community, diversity
-> understanding, tolerance
Model for human relationships Postmodern
Reflexivity
In epistemology, and more specifically, the sociology of knowledge, reflexivity refers to circular relationships between cause and effect, especially as embedded in human belief structures
-> appreciation, emancipation
structure
stable relationship among parts of a system
physical structure
spatial-temporal relationship btw its material elements
social structure
relationship btw. the roles and responsibilities members assume within their org.
measures of integration
accountability, rules, liaison roles, cross-functional teams, direct contact
Is hierarchy a form of integration
Yes
Is a bureaucracy centralized
No, it is decentralized. A mechanic structure is centralized
aim of contingency theory
to maximize org. performance (profit, job satisfaction)
What does the functional design maximize?
economies of scale
- groups activities according to similarity in nature of work
- a functional structure evolves when an org. grows too complex to maintain a simple structure
Downside of functional structure
- goals of different unity may come into conflict
- employees may create great unit to department than to org. as a whole–> functional silos
Which form comes after the functional design?
- Multidivisional M-form
- set of separate, functionally structured org.
- grow larger than functional counterparts
shortcoming of M-form
- rarely profitable as the functional design (duplicates every function)
Matrix structure
- combines the efficiency of functional design with the responsiveness of multidivisional design
- -> but conflict built into the dual lines of authortiy
Advantage and disadvantage of network org.
- exploit opportunities before competitor realize, exploitation of network partner
Org. lifecycle entrepreneurial phase
focus on creating and selling its products
- if successful need of professional management, too complex for single ind. to monitor all activities
- -> leadership crisis
Org. lifecycle collectivity phase
- management of increased differentiation brought on by growth is the new aim
- -> centralization leads to bottleneck for action
- -> autonomy crisis (decision-making is missed at the level where action is needed)
Org. lifecycle delegation phase
- solves autonomy crisis
- decentralization leads to control loss
- -> crisis of control (bureaucracy occurs)
Org. lifecycle formalization phase
- crisis of red tape
Org. lifecycle collaboration
- teamwork redistributes the now over differentiated tasks
- trust is a big issue, management will fail to allow for necessary change
- -> crisis of renewal (lethargy, too much change)
- > new form of org. or decline and death
support phase (open system theory)
are purchasing and sales and they create pressure to integrate to make sure that any lack of raw materials or other inputs will not interrupt transformation processes
maintenance phase (open system theory)
- accommodate Accounting, personnel…
- not highly interdependent with purchasing, sales and production
adaptation phase (open system theory)
- respond to env. change
- development of new product or service offerings
duality of structure and agency
- while structure enables and constrains action, action constitutes structure
- > mutual process is called structurization
instantiation
structuration occurs everywhere at every instant, and thus something is constatly occurring
practice
any set of reputable actions informed by the knowledge share among those situated in a field
field
structure with an internal logic that establishes hierarchical relationships on the basis of the distribution of particular form of capital.
habitus
the site where the internalization of the social order into the body occurs
