Gynea cancer Flashcards
How often are smears?
Behest
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) staging and follow-up
Didgfhgf
Which HPV risk for cervical cancer?
HPV 16 and 18
How frequently do people with HIV get smear tests?
1/year
Risk for endometrial cancer?
More oestrogen than progesterone
Pcos
Nullparity
Obesity
? Tamoxifen
Endometrial cancer investigations
Uss >4mm
Pipelle biopsy
Hysteroscopy
Signs of ovarian cancer?
Stomach pain
Bloating
Urinary
Loss of appetite
Ca-125, family hx.
What are the main risk factors for endometrial cancer?
Exogenous oestrogen! Obesity PCOS (amenorrhea) Nulliparity Tamoxifen
What cell type are the majority of cervical malignancies?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What’s the most common type of ovarian cancer?
Serous cystadenocarcinoma (50%)
10% clear cell- poor prognosis
Which familial genes are associated with ovarian cancer?
Brca1 and 2. HNPCC.
What ovarian cancers do we see in children?
80% are germ cell tumours
Epithial tumours - teens
Sex-cord stromal tumours - <10yrs old (granulosa, theca cells)
What is Meigs syndrome?
Benign ovarian tumour (fibroma)
Ascites
Pleural effusion
What are the stages for cervical cancer?
1a- limited to cervix - microscopic
1b- macroscopic
2 - extension into uterus/parametrial/vagina
3 - extension to pelvic sidewall and or lower vagina
4 - extension beyond the true pelvis or involve the of bladder or bowel mucosa
What is the management for ovarian enlargement?
Ultrasound scan.
Pre menopausal - conservative if small cyst - monitor again in 8-12wks and then consider referral
Postmenopausal - refer to gyneacology
Post menopausal bleeding is assumed to be endometrial cancer, apart from in one case. When is it?
Only post- coital.
Suggests - polyp, vaginitis, foreign body
What are krukenberg ovarian tumours?
Mets from gastric tumours (histology shows signet ring cells)
What cells are seen in A) granulosa cell tumours B) brenner tumours C) mucinous cystadenomae D) fibromas (meigs)
A) call-exner bodies (follicles containing eosinophils)
B) transitional cells
C) endocervical cells
D) spindle shaped fibroblasts
What level ca125 is abnormal?
> 35u/ml
