Gynea cancer

Question 1

How often are smears?

Answer 1

Behest

Question 2

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) staging and follow-up

Answer 2

Didgfhgf

Question 3

Which HPV risk for cervical cancer?

Answer 3

HPV 16 and 18

Question 4

How frequently do people with HIV get smear tests?

Answer 4

1/year

Question 5

Risk for endometrial cancer?

Answer 5

More oestrogen than progesterone
Pcos
Nullparity
Obesity

? Tamoxifen

Question 6

Endometrial cancer investigations

Answer 6

Uss >4mm
Pipelle biopsy
Hysteroscopy

Question 7

Signs of ovarian cancer?

Answer 7

Stomach pain
Bloating
Urinary
Loss of appetite

Ca-125, family hx.

Question 8

What are the main risk factors for endometrial cancer?

Answer 8

Exogenous oestrogen! 
Obesity 
PCOS (amenorrhea) 
Nulliparity 
Tamoxifen

Question 9

What cell type are the majority of cervical malignancies?

Answer 9

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 10

What’s the most common type of ovarian cancer?

Answer 10

Serous cystadenocarcinoma (50%)

10% clear cell- poor prognosis

Question 11

Which familial genes are associated with ovarian cancer?

Answer 11

Brca1 and 2. HNPCC.

Question 12

What ovarian cancers do we see in children?

Answer 12

80% are germ cell tumours
Epithial tumours - teens
Sex-cord stromal tumours - <10yrs old (granulosa, theca cells)

Question 13

What is Meigs syndrome?

Answer 13

Benign ovarian tumour (fibroma)
Ascites
Pleural effusion

Question 14

What are the stages for cervical cancer?

Answer 14

1a- limited to cervix - microscopic
1b- macroscopic
2 - extension into uterus/parametrial/vagina
3 - extension to pelvic sidewall and or lower vagina
4 - extension beyond the true pelvis or involve the of bladder or bowel mucosa

Question 15

What is the management for ovarian enlargement?

Answer 15

Ultrasound scan.
Pre menopausal - conservative if small cyst - monitor again in 8-12wks and then consider referral
Postmenopausal - refer to gyneacology

Question 16

Post menopausal bleeding is assumed to be endometrial cancer, apart from in one case. When is it?

Answer 16

Only post- coital.

Suggests - polyp, vaginitis, foreign body

Question 17

What are krukenberg ovarian tumours?

Answer 17

Mets from gastric tumours (histology shows signet ring cells)

Question 18

What cells are seen in 
A) granulosa cell tumours 
B) brenner tumours 
C) mucinous cystadenomae
D) fibromas (meigs)

Answer 18

A) call-exner bodies (follicles containing eosinophils)
B) transitional cells
C) endocervical cells
D) spindle shaped fibroblasts

Question 19

What level ca125 is abnormal?

Answer 19

> 35u/ml