Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

YEAR 4-GYNAECOLOGY > Gynaecological Oncology > Flashcards

Gynaecological Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 types of Gynaecological cancer?

A
  1. Cervical Cancer
  2. Endometrial Cancer
  3. Ovarian Cancer
  4. Vulval Cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 most common types of cervical cancer?

A

1-Squamous cell carcinoma (80%)

2-Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Suggest 6 risk factors for cervical cancer?

A
  1. Increased risk of catching HPV e.g. multiple sexual partners, not using condoms
  2. Non -engament with cervical screening
  3. Smoking
  4. HIV
  5. COCP for more than 5 years
  6. Increased number of full term pregnancies
  7. Family history
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is HPV?

A

Human Papilloma Virus

A sexually transmitted infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

There are over 100 strains of HPV.

Which 2 strains are assoicated with cervical cancer?

A

HPV 16 and 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

There is no treatment for HPV. Most cases resolve spontaeneously within 2 years.

What is the vaccination programme for HPV?

A

Children aged 12-13 years are vaccinated against strains 16 & 18 HPV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 3 other cancers besides cervical cancer HPV is associated with?

A
  1. Anal
  2. Vulval
  3. Penile
  4. Vaginal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain how HPV increases the risk of cancer?

A
  • HPV promotes the development of cancer by inhibiting tumour suppressor genes.
  • HPV produces 2 proteins (E6 & E7)
  • These proteins inhibit tumour supressor genes (P53 &PrB)
  • So we lose the function of the tumour supressor genes
  • Tumours are not suppressed, therefore grow.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Suggest 4 symptoms of Cervical cancer.

A
  1. Abnormal vaginal bleeding (intermenstrual, postcoital or post-menopausal bleeding)
  2. Vaginal discharge
  3. Pelvic pain
  4. Dyspareunia (pain or discomfort with sex)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Early detection of precancerous changes enables prompt treatment to prevent the development of cervical cancer.

How do we detect early changes?

A

Cervical screening with smear tests is used to screen for precancerous and cancerous changes to the cells of the cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the cervical screening programme?

A
  • Offered to women aged 25-64
  • Every 3 years up to 49 years old
  • Every 5 years up to 64 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

FINISH CERVICAL CANCER HERE

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vulval cancer is rare compared to other gynaecological cancers.

What subtype of vulval cancer is most common?

A

90% are squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Suggest 4 risk factors for vulval cancer?

A
  1. Advanced age (particularly over 75 years)
  2. Immunosuppression
  3. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
  4. Lichen sclerosus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Lichen sclerosus?

A

Lichen sclerosus is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes itchy white patches on the genitals or other parts of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Suggest 6 symptoms of vulval cancer?

A
  1. Vulval lump
  2. Ulceration
  3. Bleeding
  4. Pain
  5. Itching
  6. Lymphadenopathy in the groin
17
Q

Which part of the vulva does vulval cancer most frequently affect?

A

Labia Majora

18
Q

What is Vulval Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN)?

A

A premalignant condition affecting the squamous epithelium of the skin that can precede vulval cancer.

NB-This means there are changes to certain cells in the vulva that are not cancerous, but could potentially turn into cancer at a later date.

19
Q

A biopsy is required to diagnose VIN.

What are the potential treatment options for VIN?

A
  • Watch and wait with close followup
  • Wide local excision to remove the lesion
  • Imiquimod cream
  • Laser ablation
20
Q

How do we investigate vulval cancer?

A
  • 2 week wait urgent cancer referral
  • Biopsy of lesion
  • Sentinel node biopsy to demonstrate lymph node spread
  • Further imaging for staging (e.g. CT abdomen and pelvis)
21
Q

How do we manage vulval cancer?

A

Management depends on the stage of the cancer but may include:

  • Wide local excision to remove the cancer
  • Groin lymph node dissection
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiotherapy
22
Q

What is endometrial cancer?

A

Cancer of the endometrium (lining of the uterus)

23
Q

What is the most common type of endometrial cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma (80%)

24
Q

Endometrial cancer is an oestogen-dependent cancer.

What does this mean?

A

Oestrogen stimulates the growth of endometrial cancer cells.

25
Q

What is Endometrial Hyperplasia?

A

Endometrial hyperplasia is a precancerous condition involving thickening of the endometrium.

Most cases return to normal overtime, less than 5% go on to become endometrial cancer.

26
Q

Suggest 8 risk factors for endometrial cancer?

A
  1. Increased age
  2. Earlier onset of menstruation
  3. Late menopause
  4. Oestrogen only hormone replacement therapy
  5. No or fewer pregnancies
  6. Obesity
  7. Polycystic ovarian syndrome
  8. Tamoxifen

All these factors increase a patients exposure to unopposed oestogen, which increases risk of endometrial cancer.

27
Q

Unapposed oestrogen increases the risk of endometrial cancer.

What is meant by unapposed oestrogen?

A

Unopposed oestrogen refers to oestrogen without progesterone.

28
Q

Why does unopposed oestrogen increase the risk of endometrial cancer?

A

Unopposed oestrogen stimulates the endometrial cells and increases the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer.

29
Q

Explain how polycystic ovarian syndrome increases the risk of endometrial cancer?

A
  • Polycystic ovarian syndrome leads to increased exposure to unopposed oestrogen due to a lack of ovulation.
  • During ovulation the corpus luteum produces progesterone.
  • Therefore a lack of ovulation means no corpus luteum producing progesterone.
30
Q

Explain how obesity increases the risk of endometrial cancer?

A
  • Adipose tissue is a source of oestrogen
  • Enzymes (aromatase) in adipose tissue convert androgens to oestrogens.
  • This extra oestogen is unapposed in women who are not ovulating (E.g PCOS or postmenopausal).
  • The unoppsoed oestrogen stimulates the endometrial cells and increases risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer.
31
Q

What is Tamoxifen and how does it increase the risk of endometrial cancer?

A

Tamoxifen is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to treat breast cancer.

Tamoxifen has anti-oestogenic effects on the breast tissue but has oestrogenic effect on the endometrium.

Tamoxifen increases the exposure of the endometrium to unopposed oestrogen.

32
Q
A

YEAR 4-GYNAECOLOGY (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions