Gyn Flashcards

1
Q

Chlamydia background

A

Epidemiology

  • most common bacterial infection
  • > more common in women
  • risk factors
  • > young adult (<25yrs)
  • > new/multiple sex partner
  • > partner with chlamydia
  • > infrequent condom use
  • > previous STD
  • > urban
  • coinfection common
  • > gonorrhoea
  • > trichomonas
  • > m genitalium

Aetiology

  • sexual transmission
  • > cervix < - > urethra (approx 75% partners affected)
  • > urethra < - > rectum (transmission rate much lower)
  • infects
  • > columnar epithelial cells cervix
  • > urethra
  • > bartholins glands
  • > fallopian tubes
  • > anus
  • does not infect squamous cells of vagina

Pathophys

  • structure
  • > gram negative bacteria
  • > obligate intracellular organism
  • life cycle
  • > spore like elementary body attaches to epithelium
  • > enter and surround by vacuole (inclusion)
  • > transforms to larger/metabolically active reticulate body
  • > replicates over 3 days
  • > transforms back into elementary bodies
  • > cell rupture and spread
  • incubation period up to 2 weeks
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2
Q

chlamydia syndrome

A

Women

  • cervicitis
  • > vast majority asymptomatic
  • urethritis
  • > 50% of infections
  • PID and sequelae
  • pregnancy
  • > premature rupture of membranes
  • > preterm birth
  • > low birth weight
  • > chorioamnionitis

Men

  • urethritis
  • epididymitis
  • > unilateral pain/tenderness
  • > hydrocele
  • > swollen epididymis

Common to men and women

  • conjunctivitis
  • > by direct inoculation with genital secretions
  • > erythematous injection of conjunctiva
  • > non purulent
  • reactive arthritis
  • > acute onset several weeks post infection
  • > asymmetric, oligoarticular
  • > enthesitis
  • > dactylitis
  • > inflammatory lower back pain
  • reiters syndrome (classic triad)
  • > arthritis
  • > conjunctivitis/uveitis
  • > urethritis/cervicitis
  • proctitis
  • > pain
  • > discharge
  • > bleeding
  • > tenesmus
  • > constipation
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3
Q

gonorrhoea background

A

Epidemiology

  • approx 5/10,000 gen pop
  • > 200 times more common in ATSI
  • risk factors
  • > ATSI
  • > MSM
  • > under 25yrs
  • > new/multiple sex partners
  • > partner with STD
  • > inconsistent condom use
  • > past STD

Aetiology

  • penetrative sex
  • > oral
  • > vagina
  • > rectum
  • transmission rate
  • > male to female = 60%
  • > female to male = 25%

Pathophys

  • attaches to mucosal epithelium
  • chromosomal plasticity
  • > evades immune system
  • > high rate of antimicrobial resistance
  • > reinfection common
  • incubation period
  • > approx 3 days in men
  • > longer in women
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4
Q

gonorrhoea syndromes

A

Women

  • cervicitis
  • > most common
  • > usually asymptomatic
  • urethritis
  • > almost always with cervicitis
  • > usually asymptomatic
  • PID and sequelae
  • bartholinitis
  • > with cervicitis
  • > perilabial pain and discharge
  • > oedematous/tender labia
  • pregnancy
  • > PPROM
  • > premature delivery
  • > low birth weight
  • > chorioamnionitis

Men

  • urethritis
  • prostatitis
  • > lower back pain
  • > dysuria
  • > frequency/urgency
  • epididymitis/orchitis uncommon

Both

  • proctitis
  • > pain
  • > discharge/bleeding
  • > tenesmus/constipation
  • pharyngitis
  • > oral sex
  • > pharyngitis
  • > exudate
  • > cervical lymphadenopathy
  • conjunctivitis
  • > by direct inoculation with anogenital secretions
  • > hyperacute (symptoms within 12 hrs)
  • > copious purulent discharge
  • > red and irritated
  • > chemosis/swollen eyelids
  • > preauricular lymphadenopathy
  • > sight threatening
  • purulent arthritis (disseminated disease)
  • > acute onset
  • > distal/asymmetric/oligoarticular arthritis)
  • > otherwise well
  • arthritis-dermitis syndrome (disseminated disease)
  • > several weeks post infection
  • > flu like illness with fever
  • > asymmetric, migratory polyarthritis
  • > tenosynovitis
  • > pustular/vesicular lesions on extremities
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5
Q

causes cervicitis

A

Infectious

  • endocervix
  • > chlamydia (most common overall)
  • > gonorrhoea
  • ectocervix
  • > HSV
  • > trichomonas
  • other
  • > tuberculosis
  • > mycoplasma genitalium
  • > GAS

Non infectious

  • mechanical
  • > condoms/diaphragms/tampons
  • > surgical instrumentation
  • chemical
  • > latex
  • > douching
  • > spermicides
  • systemic disease
  • > bechets
  • > lichen planus
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6
Q

evaluation cervicitis

A

Hx

  • mucopurulent discharge
  • abnormal bleeding
  • > post coital
  • > intermenstrual
  • dyspareunia
  • vulvovaginal irritation/pruritis/burning
  • with concomitant urethritis
  • > dysuria
  • absence
  • > abdo/pelvic pain
  • > fever
  • presence of risk factors

Exam

  • abdo
  • > tenderness?
  • speculum
  • > erythematous/oedematous vulva (may be normal)
  • > erythematous/tender vagina
  • > oedematous/erythematous/friable cervix with discharge
  • typical lesions
  • > strawberry cervix = trichomoniasis
  • > ulcerations/vesicles = HSV
  • bimanual to exclude PID
  • > cervical motion/uterine/adnexal tenderness?

Investigations

  • b HCG
  • NAAT
  • > men = first catch urine/urethral swab
  • > women = first catch urine/self swab/endocervical swab
  • Culture (gonorrhoea sensitivity)
  • > thayer martin/charcoal enriched swab
  • > male = clinician urethral
  • > female = endocervical
  • Gram stain (provisional dx from gram -ive diplococci)
  • > male urethritis only (clinician collected)
  • Consider if typical lesions
  • > HSV serology
  • Consider if high risk/STI confirmed
  • > HIV
  • > syphilis
  • > Hep B/C

Empiric management

  • if concern for PID in high risk
  • > empiric PID treatment
  • if high risk
  • > consider empiric chlamydia treatment

Gonorrhoea management

  • targeted antibiotics
  • > ceftriaxone 500mg IM single dose
  • test of cure unnecessary
  • contact tracing/prophylactic treatment
  • > sexual partners for past 2 months
  • avoid sex for 7 days
  • > post treatment of index patient and partner

Chlamydia management

  • targeted antibiotics
  • > azithromycin 1g oral single dose
  • > doxycycline 100mg oral BD 1 week
  • test of cure at 3 weeks
  • > pregnant
  • > PID
  • contact tracing/prophylactic treatment
  • > sexual partners for past 6 months
  • avoid sex for 7 days
  • > post treatment of index patient and partner
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7
Q

PID background

A

Epidemiology

  • most common gynaecological reason for hospitalisation
  • risk factors
  • > under 25
  • > multiple partners/new partner
  • > infrequent condom use
  • > previous STD/partner with STD

Aetiology

  • majority
  • > chlamydia
  • > gonorrhoea
  • occassionaly
  • > mycoplasma genitalium
  • > gram negative enterics
  • > haemophilus influenzae

Pathophys

  • infection of cervix with chlamydia/gonorrhoea
  • > disruption of protective barrier
  • > ascent of micro-organisms
  • complications
  • > recurrence
  • > chronic pain
  • > tuba-ovarian abscess
  • > hydro-salpinx
  • > ectopic pregnancy
  • > infertility (<20%)
  • > fitz-hugh curtis syndrome
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8
Q

PID evaluation

A

Hx

  • may be asymptomatic
  • lower abdo pain
  • > often bilateral
  • > worse with jarring movements
  • > may have RUQ pain
  • nausea/vomiting
  • abnormal vaginal bleeding
  • > intermenstrual
  • > post-coital
  • > menorrhagia
  • mucopurulent discharge

Exam

  • fever
  • abdo
  • > tenderness (bilateral)
  • > rebound tenderness/bowel sounds?
  • speculum
  • > discharge at endocervix
  • bi-manual
  • > cervical motion tenderness
  • > uterine tenderness
  • > adnexal tenderness
  • Beta HCG
  • Vaginal discharge wet mount
  • > absence of WCC has negative predictive value
  • Endocervical swab
  • > NAAT for gonorrhoea/chlamydia
  • > culture for gonorrhoea
  • FBC
  • CRP/ESR
  • Consider
  • > blood cultures
  • > US of fallopian tubes/ovaries/endometrium (severe)
  • > CT (peritonitis/equivocal US)
  • > laparoscopy (complicated/resistant/ddx suspected)
  • If high risk
  • > HIV/HBV/HCV/syphilis
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9
Q

PID management

A

Empiric management

  • criteria
  • > high risk
  • > lower abdo pain/positive bi-manual
  • regime
  • > cetriaxone 500mg IM single dose
  • > azithromycin 1g oral single dose
  • > metronidazole 500mg BD for 10 days

Additional

  • Analgesia
  • Patient education
  • > causes/risks/prevention
  • > prognosis/complications
  • > avoid intercourse for 7 days post treatment
  • Insufficient evidence for removal of IUD
  • Disposition
  • > generally outpatient
  • > inpatient if resistant/severe/complications
  • Safety net
  • > reassess in 24-48hrs
  • > present to hospital if its gets worse
  • Contact tracing
  • > any partner within 60 days = investigation
  • > no partner within 60 days = last partner
  • > consider empiric treatment
  • Test of cure
  • > repeat chlamydia/gonorrhoea within 3 months
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10
Q

PCOS background

A

Epidemiology
-approx 10% of women of reproductive age

Aetiology

  • unknown
  • heritability = approx 75%
  • > multiple genes contributing small risk
  • environmental
  • > obesity and hyperinsulinaemia
  • > congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgenism

Pathophys

  • Functional ovarian hyperandrogenism
  • > dysregulated LH driven thecal androgen production
  • > causes hirsutism
  • > high androgens = increased primary follicle recruitment
  • > increased synergism with FSH = premature luteinization
  • > increased recruitment + premature luteinization = PCOM + oligo-anovulation
  • Insulin resistant hyperinsulinism
  • > causes and worsened by obesity
  • > sensitises theca cells to LH = increased androgens
  • High LH
  • > androgen excess disturbs sex steroid inhibition of LH
  • > high insulin decreases SHBG by liver
  • Excess adrenal androgens
  • > enhanced responsiveness to ACTH
  • > similar action to ovarian androgens
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11
Q

PCOS evaluation

A

Hx

  • often presents in puberty
  • hirsutism/acne/alopecia
  • oligo-anovulation
  • > primary amenorrhoea (no menarche by 15)
  • > secondary amenorrhoea (no menses for three cycles)
  • > oligomenorrhoea = <9 menses/year (less during puberty)
  • > AUB = menses <21 apart/ >7 days long/ very heavy
  • weight gain
  • infertility
  • medications associated with hirsutism?

Exam

  • HTN
  • hyperandrogenism
  • > male hair growth/loss
  • > acne
  • > deep voice/clitoromegaly/increased muscle mass
  • obesity
  • acanthosis nigricans
  • abdo exam
  • > adrenal tumour
  • pelvic exam
  • > ovarian tumour

Investigations

  • Androgens (day 3 follicular phase)
  • > total and free (SHBG) testosterone
  • > dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)
  • > androstenedione (A4)
  • 17 hydroxyprogesterone
  • > early morning during (day 3 follicular phase )
  • > anytime if amenorrhea
  • > low rules out non classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • Luteal phase (7 days before menses) progesterone
  • > high levels = ovulation
  • Rule out other causes oligomenorrhoea/anovulation
  • > b HCG = pregnancy
  • > prolactin = prolactinoma
  • > TSH = hypothyroidism
  • > LH:FSH = >3 in PCOS, low in hypothalamic disease
  • Tranvaginal ultrasound (if criteria not already met)
  • > PCOM = ovarian volume >10mL/12 follicles in either
  • Additional tests
  • > GTT
  • > lipids

Diagnosis

  • 2/3 (all three for puberty) of Rotterdam criteria
  • > oligo/an-ovulation (present for 2yrs if pubertal)
  • > PCOM
  • > clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism
  • exclude other causes
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12
Q

Hirsutism ddx

A

PCOS + CODEIN

  • Cushings
  • > disease (corticotroph adenoma)
  • > syndrome (adrenocortical tumour)
  • Ovarian tumour
  • > sertoli-leydig
  • > theca-granulosa
  • Drugs
  • > phenytoin
  • Endocrine
  • > hypothyroidims
  • > prolactinoma
  • > acromegaly
  • Idiopathic
  • Non classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia
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13
Q

primary amenorrhoea background

A

Epidemiology
-<0.1%

Aetiology

  • Hypothalamus
  • > constitutionally delayed growth and puberty
  • > idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
  • > Kallman’s syndrome
  • Pituitary
  • > prolactinoma
  • Ovaries
  • > PCOS
  • > primary hypogonadism (Turner’s/injury/insult)
  • > androgen insensitivity syndrome
  • Uterus/cervix/vagina
  • > mullerian agenesis
  • > transverse vaginal septae
  • > imperforate hymen
  • Adrenal
  • > NCCAH
  • Thyroid
  • > hypothyroidism
  • Systemic (functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea)
  • > anorexia nervosa
  • > excessive weight gain/loss
  • > stress
  • > female athlete triad
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14
Q

primary amenorrhoea evaluation

A

Hx

  • no menarche by age 15 +/- pubarche
  • Hypothalamus
  • > pubertal development (constitutional delay)
  • > stress/weight gain and loss/eating/ exercise
  • > anosmia
  • Pituitary
  • > headaches
  • > blurred/loss vision or diplopia
  • > galactorrhea
  • Ovaries
  • > stature relative to family (Turners)
  • > hirsutism/acne/weight (PCOS)
  • Uterus
  • > cyclical pelvic pain (anatomical abnormality)
  • Adrenals
  • > neonatal crisis (NCCAH)
  • Additional
  • > family hx of delayed puberty (constitutional)
  • > medications

Exam

  • height/weight/BMI
  • inspect
  • > acne/hirsutism/pigmentation/virilisation
  • > syndromic features
  • > pubertal development
  • > outflow tract abnormalities
  • consider
  • > neuro exam for pituitary mass
  • > bi manual for outflow tract abnormalities

bHCG
TSH
prolactin
FSH and estradiol
-high FSH/low estradiol = primary ovarian failure (Turners)
-low FSH/low estradiol = hypothalamic failure

Ultrasound pelvis
-presence/absence of uterus/ovaries/cervix

Consider

  • Karyotyping
  • > if uterus present/high FSH = Turners
  • > if uterus absent = 46 XX (genesis)/46XY (androgen insensitivity syndrome)
  • Androgens (PCOS)
  • > presence of hirsutism/acne/virilisation
  • MRI brain (sellar mass)
  • > if uterus present/low FSH/no breast development
  • > no mass = constitutional/functional hypothalamic/idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
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15
Q

secondary amenorrhoea background

A

Epidemiology
-approx 3%

Aetiology

  • Hypothalamus
  • > weight loss/athlete triad/anorexia
  • Pituitary
  • > prolactinoma (inhibits GnRH)
  • Thyroid
  • > hypothyroid (high TRH increase prolactin release)
  • Ovaries
  • > PCOS
  • > premature ovarian failure (radiation/chemo/fragile X/autoimmunity)
  • Uterus
  • > pregnancy
  • > ashermans

Hx

  • pregnancy risk/symptoms
  • hypothalamus
  • > stress/eating/exercise
  • > medications (COCP/antipsychotics/metaclopramide)
  • pituitary
  • > headache/vision changes/galactorrhoea
  • ovaries
  • > hirsutism/acne/virilisation
  • > menopause symptoms
  • uterus
  • > bleeding/infection/curretage

Exam

  • height/weight/BMI
  • inspect
  • > virilisation/pigmentation
  • > galactorrhoea
  • > vaginal atrophy
bHCG
FSH and estradiol 
->both low = hypothalamus/pituitary disease
->FSH high/estradiol low = POI
prolactin
TSH

Consider

  • PCOS testing
  • karyotyping if FSH high
  • MRI brain if FSH/estradiol low
  • progestin challenge if normal labs
  • > 10mg medroxyprogesterone for 10 days
  • > absence of bleeding supports ashermans
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16
Q

PCOS treatment

A

Desiring fertility

  • weight loss
  • > ovulation in approx 80%
  • > may take 6-9 months
  • metformin
  • > 500mg TDS titrated over 4-6wks
  • > 1500-2000mg once daily extended release
  • > take with food
  • > may take 6-9 months to worse
  • > may be less effective in overweight/obese
  • fertility pharm
  • IVF
  • laparoscopic drilling
  • > pregnancy in approx 50%
  • > similar efficacy to fertility pharm/less multiple pregancy
  • > no evidence for POI

Not desiring fertility/hyper-androgenism

  • weight loss
  • > less effective
  • COCP
  • > anything but levonorgestrel
  • Eflornithine cream BD
  • > effective in about 1/4 by 2 months
  • > can cause local reactions/acne
  • Spirinolactone (anti-androgen)
  • > 50-100mg BD
  • > combine with OCP (teratogenic)
  • Consider adding metformin to OCP/spirinolactone

Not desiring fertility/oligo-amenorrhoea

  • weight loss
  • > returns ovulation in up to 80%
  • > may take 6-9 months
  • OCP
  • > progestogen protects endometrium
  • > avoid levonorgestrel
  • progesterone (protect endometrium)
  • > mini pill
  • > Mirena
17
Q

Evaluation menopause

A

Clinical manifestations

  • late productive
  • > infertility
  • perimenopause
  • > irregular menses
  • > prolonged time between cycles
  • > occasionally heavier bleeding
  • hot flash (most common symptom)
  • > can begin in late reproductive
  • > most common late peri/early post
  • poor sleep
  • > often due to hot flushes or anxiety/depression
  • depression
  • > mostly perimenopausal
  • vaginal atrophy
  • > dryness
  • > irritation
  • > dyspareunia
  • dyspareunia
  • > decreased lubrication
  • > vagina is shorter, narrower and less elastic

Complications of oestrogen withdrawal

  • cardiovascular disease
  • > increase in LDL
  • bone health
  • > decreased BMD and increased osteoporosis
  • decreased collagen content in skin
  • impaired balance
  • central adiposity
bHCG
Consider
-FSH
-TSH
-prolactin
18
Q

Menopause treatment

A

Intact uterus (including post-ablation) HRT

  • Perimenopausal (need contraception)
  • > low dose OCP
  • > Mirena + oestrogen
  • > cyclical HRT + barrier
  • 1-5 years post menopause
  • > continuous combined HRT
  • > Mirena + oestrogen
  • > Tibolone (no progestogen needed)
  • Over 5 years post menopause
  • > continuous very dose combined HRT
  • > Mirena + very low dose oestrogen
  • > caution with Tibolone
  • > vaginal oestrogen alone for genitourinary

No uterus HRT

  • Under 5 years amenorrhoea
  • > oestogen alone
  • > tibolone
  • Over 5 years
  • > low dose oestrogen alone
  • > caution with tibolone
  • Hx endometriosis
  • > consider adding progestogen (poor evidence)

Non hormonal

  • Indication
  • > HRT contraindicated
  • > significant mood component
  • > personal choice
  • Effect
  • > significant reduction of VMS (less than HRT)
  • Options
  • > paroxitine
  • > venlafaxine
  • > clonidine

Lifestyle

  • exercise/diet/weight loss
  • > important for CVD health in general
  • layered clothing/cool towels/sprays
  • avoid alcohol/spicy foods/caffeine
  • vaginal moisturisers