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Nutrition and Metabolism > Gut hormones and regulation of food intake > Flashcards

Gut hormones and regulation of food intake Flashcards

1
Q

Signals from the periphery and circulation are processed where?

A

they’re integrated centrally within hypothalamus and brain stem

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2
Q

When activity of hypothalamic neural circuits are regulated, these leads to?

A

release of neuropeptide signals (NPY, AgRP and melanocortins)

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3
Q

What do neuropeptide signals regulate?

A

secondary neurones and regions which bring about changes in behaviour, appetite and EE

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4
Q

What is appetite?

A

desire to satisfy bodily need, especially for food

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5
Q

What are the 4 components of biological control of appetite?

A
  1. Long-term energy reserve (leptin/insulin signals)
  2. Nutrient sensing availability (gut hormones)
  3. Functional mass metabolic requirements (FFM determines RMR)
  4. Establishment of taste and food preference
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6
Q

What are the short term signals from the GI tract that reflect nutrient intake?

A
  • PYY3-36
  • GLP-1
  • Ghrelin
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7
Q

what signals is eating eating behaviour influenced by?

A

homeostatic and hedonic signals

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8
Q

Are metabolic signals and reward, an impact upon neural circuits?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What are the 8 regions activated in response to palatable food/food associated curves?

A
  1. Orbitofrontal cortex
  2. Amygdala
  3. Insula
  4. Nucleus accumbens
  5. Dorsal striatum
  6. Ventral tegmental area
  7. Substantia nigra
  8. Lateral hypothalamus
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10
Q

What is the function of orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala?

A

encode info related to reward value of food

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11
Q

What is the function of the insula?

A

process info related to taste of food and hedonic valuation

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12
Q

What is the function of nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum?

A
  • receive dopaminergic input from ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra
  • regulate motivational and incentive properties of food
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13
Q

What is the function of lateral hypothalamus?

A

regulate rewarding responses to palatable food and drive food-seeking behaviours

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14
Q

What is the largest endocrine organ?

A

gastrointestinal tract

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15
Q

Hormones from GI tract have multiple functions. What are they?

A
  • GI motility
  • digestive enzyme secretion
  • appetite
  • glycaemic control
  • energy storage and expenditure
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16
Q

What are the the hormones in the duodenum?

A

CCK, GIP, Ghrelin

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17
Q

What are the the hormones in the jejunum?

A

GIP, GLP1, Apo A-IV, guanylin, uroguanylin

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18
Q

What are the the hormones in the ileum?

A

GLP1, oxyntomodulin, PYY, neurotensin, apo A-IV, guanylin, uroguanylin

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19
Q

What are the the hormones in the stomach?

A

ghrelin, nesfatin-1, leptin

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20
Q

What are the the hormones in the lipid-derived molecules?

A

endocannabinoid agonists, anorexic lipid OEA

21
Q

What are the the hormones in the colon?

A

GLP1, GLP2, oxynomodulin, PYY

22
Q

What are enteroendocrine L cells?

A
  • primary source for the gut hormones
  • active cells secreting multiple peptides
  • situated in mucosa layer of intestinal wall (contact with passing food)
23
Q

What controls taste and olfaction?

A

gut hormones

24
Q

What hormones are present in the following: saliva, taste buds and olfactory neurones?

A

insulin, leptin, GLP1 and PYY

25
Q

in preclinical studies, what happens when they increased saliva PYY concentration?

A
  • altered food preference
  • reduced caloric intake
  • reduced body weight
26
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

the hunger hormone

  • endogenous liagnd of growth hormone receptor GHSR
  • produced by X/A cells
27
Q

What stimulates ghrelin secretion?

A

GOAT transfers acyl group from fatty acids to serine-3 residue of ghrelin (n-octanolyation) and thus, stimulates ghrelin secretion

28
Q

In what way does ghrelin favour food consumption?

A

by enhancing hedonic and incentive responses to food-related cues

29
Q

What is an anorexigenic hormone?

A

GLP-1

30
Q

Where is GLP-1 produced?

A

primarily by L-cells in distal intestine and colon

31
Q

When is GLP-1 released?

A

in response to ingested nutrients

32
Q

What are GLP17-36 amide and GLP17-37?

A

bioactive forms that are rapidly inactivated by DPP4

33
Q

What are the therapies targeting GLP-1 used to treat?

A

diabetes

34
Q

What are the effects of GLP-1?

A
  • stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion
  • suppresses glucagon secretion
  • slows gastric emptying
  • leads to reduction of food intake
  • improves insulin sensitivity
35
Q

Which parts of the body secret the GLP-1 from L-cells?

A

jejunum and ileum

36
Q

What is PYY?

A

peptide tyrosine-tyrosine

  • has 36 amino acid peptides
  • synthesised by L-cells in the gut
37
Q

What can we say about the PYY signals?

A
  • in response to food intake, the levels increase within 15mins
  • increase is proportional to calories ingested
38
Q

What happens to orexigenic ghrelin in obesity?

A

decreased

39
Q

What happens to levels of ghrelin, GLP-1 and PYY during dieting?

A

ghrelin increases

GLP-1/PYY decreases

40
Q

So as a result of increasing ghrelin during diet…

A

the person is more hungry (hahaha)

41
Q

So what are the effects of dietary-induced weight loss?

A
  • proportionately increases hunger

- alters gut hormones

42
Q

What are the effects of gastric bypass (bariatric surgery)?

A

reduces hunger, increases satiety

- GLP-1/PYY increase

43
Q

What are the two possible solutions to utilise GLP-1 action therapeutically (to treat T2D)?

A
  1. long acting DPP-4-resistant GLP-1 analogues/incretin mimetics
  2. DPP-4 inhibitors/incretin enhances
44
Q

GLP-1 analogues with longer half-life and are injectables are?

A
  • Exenatide
  • Liraglutide
  • Semaglutide
45
Q

To block DPP-4, the enzyme that degrades GLP-1 and are oral agents are?

A
  • Sitagliptin

- Vildagliptin

46
Q

Gut hormones can be used as anti-obesity therapies. When combining PYY and GLP-1, what happens?

A
  • receptor agonist alone in combination blocks ghrelin

- targets the L-cell

47
Q

Appetite stimulation and weight gain is a therapeutic potential of ghrelin but, it results in:

A
  • cancer/cardiac cachexia
  • renal failure
  • chronic respiratory disease
48
Q

How do you block the ghrelin system, possibly resulting in weight loss?

A
  • receptor antagonists
  • neutralising antibodies
  • ghrelin vaccine
  • GOAT inhibitors

Nutrition and Metabolism (14 decks)

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