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Organisation of the body: embryology > gut formation > Flashcards

gut formation Flashcards

1
Q

blood supply to each region of gut

A

foregut- celiac artery

midgut- superior mesenteric artery

hindgut- inferior mesenteric artery

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2
Q

how is the gut tube attached?

A

attached to the dorsal body wall by the dorsal mesentery

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3
Q

what splits the dorsal mesentery?

A

liver

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4
Q

what does the liver split the mesentery into?

A

lesser momentum between the stomach and liver

falciform ligament between liver and anterior abdominal wall

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5
Q

what is the first region to rotate?

A

stomach

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6
Q

two rotations of stomach

A

left to anterior

caudal to right

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7
Q

what do the rotations of the stomach result in?

A

the movement of the dorsal mesentery forming the greater and lesser omen

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8
Q

stomach differentiation

A

2nd month

appearance of rug and gastric pits

differentiation requires EMT

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9
Q

Problem with stomach development

A

pyloric stenosis

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10
Q

pyloric stenosis explained

A

failure to form muscular structure at pyloris

lack of SOX9

abnormality of pyloric sphincter, resulting in projective vomiting

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11
Q

important signals in formation of liver

A

FGF signals from adjacenct cardiac region induce liver field

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12
Q

what structure does the liver originate from?

A

the gut tube

midpoint of the descending duodenum

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13
Q

stages of liver development

A
  1. hepatic diverticulum moves into the ventral mesentery
  2. branch into hepatic cords
  3. hepatic cords communicate with septum transverse mesoderm to branch into hepatic bud that forms the liver and cystic bud that forms the gall bladder
  4. liver suddenly begins to grow very rapidly in 10th week
  5. bile production develops in 12th week
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14
Q

gut diverticula definition

A

outpouching of gut tube

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15
Q

why is the development of the pancreas unusual?

A

develops from two distinct buds

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16
Q

from which part does the pancreas arise of the gut tube?

A

mid part of the duodenum

17
Q

explain two buds

A

dorsal bud- body and tail

smaller ventral bud- uncinate process and head

18
Q

what induces the buds to form?

A

fgf10 from notochord for dorsal bud

Vegf for ventral;

19
Q

where do the exocrine and endocrine cells develop from?

A

dorsal bud

20
Q

how do pancreatic buds develop?

A

branching morphogenesis

  1. free ventral pancreatic bud rotates around the axis of the duodenum and joins the dorsal bud
21
Q

abnormalities of pancreatic rotation

A

annular pancreas

pancreatic tissue surrounds the duodenum and constricts it

22
Q

what occurs due to expansion of liver?

A

stomach pushed to the right

pancreas pushed posteriorly causing it to join with the dorsal body wall, becoming secondarily retroperitoneal

23
Q

what forms the axis for the midgut rotation?

A

superior mesenteric artery and vitelline duct

24
Q

what causes asymmetry of gut?

A

asymmetric expression of BMP2 in gut and mesentery drives expression and rotation

25
Q

stages of midgut rotation

A
  1. proliferation in midgut causing increased growth
  2. the gut tube rotates 90 degrees around the axis of the vitelline gut
  3. growth becomes excessive, exceeding the capacity of the coelomic cavity
  4. undergoes physiological herniation where it moves out into the umbilical cord
  5. gut returns to abdominal cavity, cecum moves down
  6. further 180 degree anti clockwise rotation, leading to a total of 270 degrees anticlockwise
26
Q

hindgut derivatives

A

1/3 distal transverse colon

descending colon

rectum

superior part of anal canal

27
Q

what happens during rotation?

A

ascending and descending colon pushed against posterior wall leading to formation of retroperitoneal structures

28
Q

what do the gut tube and urogenital tube open into?

A

the cloaca

29
Q

what happens to the cloaca after?

A

urorectal septum grows down between the two of them to partition them

separating the urogenital system from rectal

form separate anus and urethra

30
Q

what is the enteric nervous system formed of?

A

neural crest cells

migrate along the gut tube

31
Q

problem with neural crest cells

A

hirschprung’s disease

failure of neural crest cell migration

absence of enteric nervous system

32
Q

how does the spleen develop?

A

separate to the gut

entirely mesodermal

33
Q

hiatus hernia definition

A

problem with the septum transversum, weaker diaphragm, causes stomach to be lodged in mediastinum

Organisation of the body: embryology (11 decks)

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