Gupta Corresponding to Robbins pg. 162-201

Question 1

What are the two most common cancers in men? Women?

Answer 1

Men- prostate (28%) and lung (15%)

Women- breast (29%) and lung (11%)

NOTE: Lung cancers are the leading KILLERS of all cancers in both men and women by far (26-29%)

Question 2

What are some characteristics of benign tumors?

Answer 2

slow growth, well-differentiated, lack of invasion, absence of metastases, circumscription (well defined borders)

Question 3

T or F. Either benign or malignant tumors can be monoclonal

Answer 3

T. Common in malignancy

Question 4

Ho would breast cancer look histologically?

Answer 4

the lobules would be invading fat!!

Question 5

An adenoma/papilloma (benign) or an adenocarcinoma (malignant) are related to which germ layer?

Answer 5

Endoderm

Question 6

A sarcoma is common in what germ layer?

Answer 6

mesoderm. Also fibroma or lipoma (benign)

Question 7

What cancer syndrome is associated with defective RB gene?

Answer 7

retinoblastoma

Question 8

What cancer syndrome is associated with defective TP53 gene?

Answer 8

Li-Fraumeni

Question 9

What cancer syndrome is associated with defective APC gene?

Answer 9

Familial adenomatous poylposis/colon cancer

Question 10

What cancer syndrome is associated with defective NF1/2 genea?

Answer 10

Neurofibromatosis 1 and 2

Question 11

What cancer syndrome is associated with defective MEN1 and RET genes?

Answer 11

Multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 and 2

Question 12

What cancer syndrome is associated with defective MSH2, MLH1, and MSH6 genes?

Answer 12

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

Question 13

What are some AR syndromes of defective DNA repair? Name 4.

Highly testable.

Answer 13

Xerodema pigmentosum
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Bloom Syndrome
Fanconi anemia

Question 14

A benign biphasic tumor is called what?

Answer 14

fibroadenoma

Question 15

A malignant biphasic tumor is called what?

Answer 15

carcinosarcoma

Question 16

Where would Wilm tumors be found?

Answer 16

kidney

Question 17

Where would Ewing sarcoma be found?

Answer 17

bone

Question 18

Mutation of EGFR is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 18

breast (treat with Trastuzumab) and lung and colorectal (treat with Cetuximab) cancers

Question 19

Mutation of RET is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 19

thyroid cancer, MEN

Question 20

Mutation of c-kit is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 20

GIST (treat with Imatinib)

Question 21

Mutation of KRAS is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 21

pancreas and colon cancer

Question 22

Mutation of GTPase is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 22

NF-1

Question 23

Mutation of BCR-ABL is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 23

CML

Question 24

Mutation of EML4-ALK is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 24

adenoca lung

Question 25

Mutation of BRAF is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 25

melanoma and hairy cell leukemia

Question 26

Mutation of C-MYC is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 26

Burkitt lymphoma

Question 27

Mutation of N-MYC is associated with what syndrome?

L-MYC?

Answer 27

neuroblastoma (negative prognostic when amplified)

small cell carcinoma of the lung

Question 28

Mutation of Rb is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 28

retinoblastoma

Question 29

Mutation of cyclin D1 is associated with what syndrome?

P16/CDKN2A?

Answer 29

cyclin D1- Mantel cell lymphoma

P16- familial melanoma

Question 30

Mutation of CDK4 is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 30

FAMM

Question 31

Mutation of PTEN is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 31

acquired; endometrium cancer, Cowden syndrome

Question 32

Mutation of NFkB is associated with what syndrome?

Lo

Got.

Answer 32

Secondary lymphoma in inflammatory states (Hashimoto’s, Celiac, etc.), classical Hodgkin

Question 33

Mutation of E-cadherin is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 33

gastric and breast (lobular) cancer

Question 34

Mutation of APC is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 34

FAP/Gartner

deep fibromatoses

Question 35

Mutation of Bcl-2 is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 35

follicular lymphoma

Question 36

Mutation of P53 is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 36

most common acquired; skin (SCC/BCC), Li Fraumeni syndrome

Question 37

Mutation of TNF-a is associated with what syndrome?

Answer 37

tumor cachexia

Question 38

What signal activates the RAS pathway (RAF/ERK/MEK)?

Answer 38

EGF binds to an EGF receptor triggering cell growth through tyrosine kinase activity

In this pathway, RAS is a receptor-coupled protein that activates RAF to promote transcription

mutated RAS= continual transcription

Question 39

Mutated Ras is common in what cancers?

Answer 39

pancreas (90%), colon and thyroid (50%), and lung (30%)

MANY others also

Question 40

Describe the WNT, APC, beta-catenin pathway.

Answer 40

WNT is a soluble factor that can bind to cells to cause dissociation of APC from B-catenin (normally APC binds to B-catenin to shuttle it for destruction). Free B-catenin acts as a growth promoting transcription factor

Thus, the presence of WRT is needed for transcription OR a mutation in APC will result in the sam thing without WNT input

Question 41

APC mutation is strongly associated to what syndrome?

Answer 41

familial adenomatosus polyposis (FAP)

Question 42

What does increased levels of B-catenin lead to?

Answer 42

transcription of cyclin D1 and c-myc, which are important in controlling the G1 to S phase transition of the cell cycle

Question 43

Mutations in the WNT, APC pathway are common in what conditions?

Answer 43

breast and prostate cancer, glioblastoma, and type II diabetes

Question 44

What are some genes commonly found to be transcriptionally silences due to promoter hyper-methylation?

Answer 44

APC, MLH1, and BRCA1

Some cancer cells become addicted to the transcriptional silencing, due to promoter hyper-methylation, of some key tumor suppressor genes= epigenetic addiction

Question 45

T or F. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process

Answer 45

T. Phases include initiation, promotion, and progression