Güler Flashcards
Which of the followings allows for depth perception and improves ability to judge distances?
a) Suprachiasmatic nucleus
b) Rhodopsin
c) Presbyopia
d) Binocular vision
e) Dark adaptation
d) Binocular vision
Which of the followings synapses on intrafusal muscle fibers within the muscle spindles?
a) Pyramidal neuron
b) Gamma motor neuron
c) Alpha motor neuron
d) Purkinje cell
e) Granule cell
b) Gamma motor neuron
which area of the brain is most likely damaged when it is impossible for a person to speak whole words rather than uncoordinated utterances or an occasional simple word such as “no” or “yes”?
a) Somatosensory area II
b) Somatic interpretative areas
c) Primary somatosensory area
d) Limbic association area
e) Broca’s area
e) Broca’s area
Which of the followings detects head-tilts and linear accelerations in the horizontal plane when you stand?
a) Macula of utricle
b) Helicotrema
c) Macula of saccule
d) Endolymph
e) Scala media
a) Macula of utricle
Which of the followings receives direct synaptic input from Golgi tendon organs?
a) Alpha motor neurons
b) Group la fibers
C) Group lb fibers
d) Group Il fibers
e) Dynamic gamma motor neurons
C) Group lb fibers
Which of the afferent tracts to the cerebellum doesn’t transmit proprioceptive impulses?
a) Ventral spinocerebellar tract
b) Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
c) Vestibulocerebellar tract
d) Olivocerebellar tract
e) Cuneocerebellar tract
c) Vestibulocerebellar tract
Which of the followings increases cerebral blood flow?
a) Decrease in carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrarion
b) Decrease in oxygen (O₂) concentration
c) Decrease in hydrogen (H) concentration
d) Decrease in lactic acid concentration
e) Decrease in pyruvic acid concentration
b) Decrease in oxygen (O₂) concentration
Which of the followings performs the greater part of quantitatively of focusing the visual image on the retina?
a) Cornea
b) Optic disc
c) Conjunctiva
d) Lens
e) Sclera
a) Cornea
Which of the followings is characterized with the loss of GABAergic neurons in striatum and the loss of Ach-secreting neurons in many parts of the brain?
a) Parkinson’s disease
b) Huntington’s disease
c) Hemiballismus
d) Ballismus
e) Athetosis
b) Huntington’s disease
Which of the followings is not an expected situation for the persistent vegetative state of an irreversible coma?
a) The patient may smile or cry
b) There are definitive evidences that the patient can comprehend all his or her behaviours
c) The patient is unaware of his or her surroundings
d) The patient may seem to react to elements of his or her environment
e) Sleep-wake cycles are present
b) There are definitive evidences that the patient can comprehend all his or her behaviours
Which of the followings is not a property of cones?
a) Cones are responsible for color vision
b) Cones are sensitive to high-intensity light
c) Cones respond to bright light and play a role in day vision
d) Cones have early dark adaptation
e) Cones are not present on fovea centralis
e) Cones are not present on fovea centralis
Which of the followings plays a role in stimulating afferent cochlear nerves during sound transduction?
a) Acetylcholine
b) Glutamate
c) Aspartate
d) Dopamine
e) Epinephrine
b) Glutamate
Which of the followings determines discrete characteristics of thought?
a) Cerebral cortex
b) Reticular formation
c) Limbic system
d) Spinal cord
e) Thalamus
a) Cerebral cortex
Which compartment of the cochlea contains the organ of Corti?
a) Scala media
b) Ampulla
c) Scala tympani
d) Saccule
e) Scala vestibuli
a) Scala media
Which of the followings can’t pass blood-brain barrier?
a) Alcohol
b) Water
c) Lipid soluble anesthetics
d) Carbon dioxide
e) Plasma proteins
e) Plasma proteins
Which substance is responsible for the umami taste sensation?
a) Nitrogen
b) Alkaloids
c) Monosodium Glutamate
d) Fructose
e) Sodium (Na)
c) Monosodium Glutamate
Rubbing the skin near painful areas is effective in relieving the pain. Which of the followings plays a role in this situation?
a) Reciprocal inhibition
b) Lateral inhibition
c) Flexor-withdrawal reflex
d) Golgi tendon reflex
e) Stretch reflex
b) Lateral inhibition
Which part of the cerebellum plays a role in muscle movements of the axial body, neck, shoulders and hips?
a) Paravermis
b) Vermis
c) Flocculonodular lobe
d) Lateral zone
e) Vestibulocerebellum
b) Vermis
Which of the followings detects angular acceleration during rotation of the head along three perpendicular axes?
a) Macula of saccule
b) Round window
c) Macula of utricle
d) Oval window
e) Semicircular canals
e) Semicircular canals
Which of the followings’ sensory signals are not carried by dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway (DCML)?
a) Pain
b) Vibration
C) Position sense
e) Fine touch
d) High degree of spatial orientation
a) Pain
Which of the followings plays a role in subconscious execution of learned patterns of movement?
a) Vestibulocerebellar tract
b) Cupula
C) Putamen circuit
d) Caudate circuit
e) Semicircular canals
C) Putamen circuit
What’s the main reason of habituation effect in a sensory terminal?
a) Increase in sensory terminal transmitter release by synapse
b) Progressive closure of calcium (Ca) channels through the terminal membrane
c) Progressive closure of potassium (K) channels through the terminal membrane
d) Progressive closure of sodium (Na) channels through the terminal membrane
e) Increase in subsequent neuron stimulation
b) Progressive closure of calcium (Ca) channels through the terminal membrane
Which of the followings plays a role in adaptation to a continuous stimulation during olfaction?
a) Olfactory glomerulus
b) Dendrodendritic reciprocal synapses
c) Supporting cells
d) Olfactory neuron axons
e) Purkinje cells
b) Dendrodendritic reciprocal synapses
Which of the following would not increase cerebral blood flow?
A) Increase in carbon dioxide concentration.
B) Increase in oxygen concentration.
C) Increase in hydrogen concentration.
D) Increase in carbonic acid concentration.
E) Increase in lactic acid concentration.
B) Increase in oxygen concentration.
Which substance has higher concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid compared with the cerebral blood plasma?
A) Chloride B) Glucose C) Potassium D) Protein E) Sodium
A) Chloride
Which of the followings synapse on extrafusal muscle fibers?
A) Alpha motor neuron B) Pyramidal neuron C) Gamma motor neuron D) Granule cell E) Purkinje cell
A) Alpha motor neuron
In a muscle spindle receptor, which type of muscle fiber is responsible for the dynamic response?
A) Extrafusal muscle fiber B) Nuclear key fiber C) Nuclear reaction fiber D) Nuclear bag fiber E) Smooth muscle fiber
D) Nuclear bag fiber
Which of the following best describes a mechanoreceptor that is specialized to detect sustained touch sensation?
A) Free nerve endings B) Merkel disc C) Pacinian corpuscle D) Ruffini endings E) Hair follicle receptors
B) Merkel disc
Which system conveys information concerning fine touch sensation and body position (proprioceptive) sensation?
A) Anterolateral B) Dorsal-column medial lemniscal C) Corticospinal D) Spinocerebellar E) Cerebrocerebellar
B) Dorsal-column medial lemniscal
Which statement best describes a functional role for the lateral zone of the cerebellar hemispheres?
A) Control movements of the axial muscles
B) Control muscle contractions of upper limbs
C) Control muscle contractions of lower limbs
D) Function with the cerebral cortex to plan movements
E) Play role in balance and eye movement
D) Function with the cerebral cortex to plan movements
Which of the cell types performs excitatory action in cerebellum?
A) Granule cells B) Basket cells C) Stellate cells D) Golgi II cells E) Purkinje cells
A) Granule cells
Which structure in the vestibular apparatus is responsible for the detection of angular acceleration?
A) Statoconia B) Macula C) Semicircular canals D) Saccule E) Ampullae
C) Semicircular canals
Which structure is mostly sensitive to linear head movement in the vertical plane?
A) Macula of the utricle
B) Macula of the saccule
C) Crista ampullaris of anterior semicircular duct
D) Crista ampullaris of horizontal semicircular duct
E) Scala vestibuli
B) Macula of the saccule
Which neurotransmitter is used by the axons of substantia nigra neurons (pars compacta) that Project to caudate and putamen ?
A) Norepinephrine B) Dopamine C) Serotonin D) Acetylcholine E) GABA
B) Dopamine
Which component of the basal ganglia plays the major role in the control of cognitive(memory-guided) motor activity?
A) Globus pallidus B) Substantia nigra C) Caudate nucleus D) Putamen E) Subthalamic nucleus
C) Caudate nucleus
Which condition best describes the deficit resulting from damage to Broca’s area?
A) Spastic paralysis of the contralateral hand
B) Paralysis of the muscles of the larynx and pharynx
C) Inability to use two hands to grasp an object
D) Inability to direct the two eyes to the contralateral side
E) Inability to speak whole words correctly
E) Inability to speak whole words correctly
Which of the following is not nondeclarative(implicit) memory type?
A) Priming and perceptual B) Procedural C) Epicodic D) Associative learning E) Nonassociative learning
C) Epicodic
Which of the following determines discrete characteristics of thought?
A) Cerebral cortex B) Thalamus C) Limbic system D) Reticular formation E) Cerebellum
A) Cerebral cortex
Which of the following best describes the electrical response of the rods to light?
A) Resting membrane potential B) Capacitive discharge C) Depolarization D) Hyperpolarization E) Neutralization
D) Hyperpolarization
Which of the followings is the main criteria for death?
A) Reversible coma B) Irreversible coma C) Brain death D) Drug intoxication related coma E) Severe endocrine disorder
C) Brain death
The condition of myopia is usually corrected by which type of lens?
A) Compound lens B) Convex lens C) Spherical lens D) Concave lens E) Cylindrical lens
D) Concave lens
Which neurotransmitter is released by both rods and cones at their synapses with bipolar cells?
A) Acetylcholine B) Dopamine C) Glutamate D) Glycine E) Serotonin
C) Glutamate
Which substance will elicit the sensation of bitter taste?
A) Sodium ions B) Alkaloids C) Amino acids D) Hydrogen ions E) Ketones
B) Alkaloids
Which of the following systems doesn’t synapse in thalamus prior to reaching cortex?
A) Olfactory (smelling) B) Taste C) Auditory (hearing) D) Vision E) Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway
A) Olfactory (smelling)
Which molecules move from the endolymph into the stereocilia and depolarize the hair cell?
A) Calcium ions B) Chloride ions C) Hydrogen ions D) Potassium ions E) Sodium ions
D) Potassium ions
Which compartment of the cochlea contains the organ of Corti?
A) Ampulla B) Saccule C) Scala media D) Scala tympani E) Scala vestibule
C) Scala media
Which of the following is related to the Jandrassik Method?
a) Patellar reflex
b) Brachioradial reflex
C) Biceps reflex
d) Pharyngeal reflex
e) Achilles Reflex
a) Patellar reflex
Which component of the basal ganglia plays the major role in the control of complex pattern of motor activity?
A) Putamen
B) Caudate nucleus
C) Substantia nigra
D) Globus pallidus
E) Subthalamic nucleus
A) Putamen
