Guest Worker Programs

Question 1

What can be linked to “free” wage workers?

Answer 1

Migration in the industrial economy

Question 2

What are “free” wage workers?

Answer 2

The sold their labor power to an employer, signed contracts, could end contract, earned a wage, married, free children, less physical violence

Question 3

What did the Communist Manifesto, 1848, do to migrant workers?

Answer 3

It served the consciousness of working class and class struggle

Question 4

Where did Italian migrants go in the post WW2 period?

Answer 4

Mainly Switzerland and other North-Western European country

Question 5

What is translocalism?

Answer 5

Migrants travelling back and forth between their village of origin and the towns of settlement, instead of transnationalism where one travels back and forth between national boarders

Question 6

Who edited “Intimacy & Italian migration” and what’s it about?

Answer 6

Loretta Baldassar & Donna R. Gabaccia: it’s about the Italian migration to Switzerland

Question 7

What was the post-war labor migration from Italy a part of?

Answer 7

A mass migration in Europe where mostly southeast Europeans settled in west Europe to help build the booming post-war economy

Question 8

How many Italians lived in Switzerland by 1970?

Answer 8

Half a million

Question 9

Did any Italians migrants return to Italy?

Answer 9

Yes, several returned

Question 10

How was Italians received in Switzerland?

Answer 10

They where seen as a danger to the Swiss culture. Although, they were needed to fill a labor shortage

Question 11

How did Italian migration to Switzerland change over time?

Answer 11

To begin with, Italians itended to make up money fast, and then return to their homeland. However, with economic instability in Italy, they instead established a secure existence in both Italy and Switzerland

Question 12

Since Italians intended to do return, what did they do?

Answer 12

They maintained strong connections to relatives in Italy, and would uaually go to Italy on holiday once a year

Question 13

What happened with the ideal of unification?

Answer 13

It was strong in Italians in Switzerland. Probably as a result of seperation of families because of regulations on family reunions. The ideal implies a sense of standing up for each other no matter what

Question 14

What was holiday like for Italians?

Answer 14

They went back to Italy, bringing money and gifts both to an back again. The summer was most commonly the season they travelled, but also some did during Christmas. In Italy, the houses were filled with relatives, friends and neighbours. Traditional food was important

Question 15

What was the result of long-term seperation?

Answer 15

It made Italians in Switzerland feel alienated with both Italians & Swiss

Question 16

What can we conclude with regarding Italian migrants in Switzerland?

Answer 16

During the early years of migration, short-term residency permits and restrictive policies regarding family reunion led to regular travels back and forth -> translocalism

Question 17

Who wrote “Migration experiences of Turkish women” and what’s it about?

Answer 17

Ayse Kadioglu: Turkish women and their life during migration to primarily Germany

Question 18

When did emigration from Turkey to industrially deceloped countries begin?

Answer 18

Early 1960s

Question 19

Who left Turkey?

Answer 19

During the 60s and early 70s the majority was men, but more women came afterwards as reunion became normal policy

Question 20

What was migrant women legally defined as in Germany?

Answer 20

Dependants, meaning dependent on a man. This had consequences in the labor marked -> low wages and jobs at the bottom of the hierarchy

Question 21

What would often happen when Turkish women first came to Germany?

Answer 21

They would work illegally as they where waiting for work permits

Question 22

What was Turkish women’s work viewed as in Germany?

Answer 22

Complementary to the husbands work

Question 23

What are migrants often viewed as?

Answer 23

Traditional, and they are expected to become modern

Question 24

How was the experiences with migration for Turkish women?

Answer 24

It differed greatly. Those women who only had a nuclear family, not extended, was a lot more dominant in roles as she became the head of the household as a result of the man’s absence. They were not supervised by the in-laws

Question 25

What happened to Turkish women who migrated to Germany?

Answer 25

She did not necessarily become exposed to a lot of western culture as one may expect. While others experienced change in gender roles when men left without the women

Question 26

What happened to the women who left their children behind with the extended family in Turkey?

Answer 26

They became alienated with their children, which some obviously regretted