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Medical Emergencies > GU System > Flashcards

GU System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostatic functions of urinary system

A
  1. Regulating blood volume and pressure
  2. Regulating plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, other ions
  3. Stabilizing blood pH
  4. Conserving nutrients
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2
Q

Nephron

A

Basic functional unit in the kidney and where urine production begins

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3
Q

Metabolic waste products

A
  1. Urea - Most abundant organic waste formed through breakdown of amino acids
  2. Creatinine - generated in skeletal muscle through breakdown of creatine phosphate
  3. Uric acid - breakdown of RNA molecules
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4
Q

Nephron process

A
  1. Filtration - blood pressure forces water across the filtration membrane
  2. Reabsorption - removal of water and solute molecules from tubular fluid
  3. Secretion - transport of solutes into tubular fluid
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5
Q

Glomeruler filtration rate (GFR)

A

Amount of filtrate produced by the kidney each minute

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6
Q

Function of the urinary system

A
  1. Maintain blood volume
  2. Balance of water, electrolytes, pH
  3. Ensures key elements remain in blood (eg., glucose)
  4. Waste removal
  5. Regulation of arterial BP
  6. Development of RBCs
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7
Q

Kidney failure

A

Loss of blood pressure and blood flow to kidneys

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8
Q

Testicular torsion

A

Twisting of spermatic cord

Loss of cremasteric reflex, horizontal lie, painful and swollen

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9
Q

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

Non-cancerous increase in size of prostate gland

Frequent urination, trouble starting to urinate, weak stream, inability to urinate, or loss of bladder control

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10
Q

Causes of non-traumatic GU issues

A
  1. Inflammatory/immune mediated disease
  2. Infectious disease
  3. Physical obstruction
  4. Hemorrhage
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11
Q

Acute renal failure

A

Sudden drop in urine production because kidneys suddenly unable to filter waste products from blood; dangerous amounts of waste accumulate in blood

Edema of feet, sudden drop in urine output
Caused by hypertension, chronic heart failure, diabetes, chronic infection, autoimmune disease

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12
Q

Diabetic nephropathy

A

Kidney damage due to diabetes that causes the filter to become leaky, letting protein into urine

Tests include CT scan, urine output measure, blood test, urine test, biopsy

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13
Q

Chronic renal failure

A

Inadequate kidney function due to permanent loss of nephrons (~70%)

End stage occurs when ~80% of nephrons lost
Causes metabolic instability and requires dialysis or transplant

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14
Q

ECG will show what type of waves if there is high potassium retention?

A

Peaked T-waves

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15
Q

Renal calculi

A

Kidney stones - crystal aggregation in kidney’s collection system

Pain in back, side, and groin, blood in urine, painful urination, abnormally coloured urine, fever, chills, diaphoresis, N/V

Nephrolithiasis are small hard mineral deposits that form inside kidneys

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16
Q

Treatment for kidney stones

A

Small stones = fluid replacement (1-2 L), pain relievers, medical therapy

Large stones = sound waves to break up stones, surgery, scope to remove, parathyroid gland surgery

17
Q

Urinary stasis

A

Caused by UTI and results in incomplete emptying of bladder

Risk factors include women, paraplegics, and diabetes

18
Q

What in cranberry juice prevents UTIs?

A

Sulphuric acid - prevents bacteria from sticking to the wall of the bladder

19
Q

Chlamydia

A

> 3 million cases/year

Can be transmitted to newborn during delivery causing pneumonia and conjunctivitis

Men rarely show symptoms; females usually have mild symptoms including discharge, potentially chlamydia cervicitis, or mucopurulent cervicitis

20
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Males usually present with urethritis, dysuria, and urethral discharge
5% are asymptomatic

Incubation = 1-14 days, but usually within 1-5 days

21
Q

Syphilis

A

Primary

  • incubation 10-90 days, but average of 3 weeks
  • Early =macule/papule that erodes
  • Late = clean based, painless, indurated ulcer with smooth/firm border
  • Resolves in 1-5 weeks and is highly contagious; unnoticed in 15-30% of population

Secondary

  • Rash (whole body, palms, soles), mucous patches, generalized symptoms
  • Resolves in 2-10 weeks

Medical Emergencies (4 decks)

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