GU Cancers

Question 1

Prostate cancer Risk Factors

Answer 1

Age: Rare in men younger than 40 y/o
Race: Higher rates in African-American men
Lower rate in Asian-American/Hispanic-Latino men
Family history: Two fold greater risk with first degree relative
Geography: High in North America

Question 2

Stage T1

Answer 2

cancer is found in the prostate only. Cannot be felt by DRE or seen on imaging

Question 3

Stage T2a and T2b

Answer 3

a tumor that is to small to be felt or seen on image test (2a) or a slightly larger tumor that can be felt on DRE (2b)

Question 4

Stage T3

Answer 4

cancer has spread beyond the outer layers of the prostate into nearby tissues, and may have spread to seminal vesicles

Question 5

Stage T4

Answer 5

any tumor that has spread to other parts of the body

Question 6

American Cancer Society PSA screening

Answer 6

PSA testing with or without DRE for average risk at age 50

Screening not offered to men with life expectancy

Question 7

Testicular cancer: Seminoma

Answer 7

Slow growing tumor
Found in men in their 30’s and 40’s
Very sensitive to radiation

Question 8

Testicular cancer: Nonseminoma

Answer 8

More common and quicker growing
4 sub-types
Embryonal carcinoma
Yolk sac carcinoma
Choriocarcinoma
Teratoma
Occur in teen years and early 40’s

Question 9

Testicular cancer Staging

Answer 9

Stage I: Confined to the testicle
Stage II: Metastases to retroperitoneal nodes
Stage III: Metastases above the diaphragm or to visceral organs

Question 10

Bladder Cancer Presentation

Answer 10

Most common is painless microscopic or gross hematuria (85%)
Frequency
Dysuria
Back or flank pain

Question 11

Bladder Cancer Staging

Answer 11

Stage 0: papillary lesions relatively benign or carcinoma in situ
Stage 1: tumor invades submucosa or lamina propria
Stage 2: invasion into muscle
Stage 3: extends beyond muscle into the perivesical fat
Stage 4: extension into adjacent organs