GU Anatomy TA Questions Flashcards
1
Q
which kidney is lower, left or right?
A
right, the liver is superior
2
Q
what are the 3 layers of supportive tissue of the kidney
A
renal fascia (false capsule), perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule (true capsule)
3
Q
A
the tip of the pyramid, release urine into minor calyx
4
Q
track blood flow from the aorta to the glomerulus
A
5
Q
track blood flow from the glomerulus to the IVC
A
6
Q
A
brodel’s line
7
Q
what is the structural and functional unit of the kidney that forms urine
A
nephron
8
Q
what is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
A
9
Q
what is the predominant function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?
A
10
Q
where are the three constrictions of the ureters?
A
11
Q
infections tend to persist in which region of the bladder
A
12
Q
A
13
Q
what are the 3 regions of the male urethra
A
prostatic, membranous, spongy
14
Q
what is angiotensin II’s effect on sodium
A
15
Q
what are the 2 functions of the countercurrent mechanism
A
16
Q
which limb of the loop of henle, descending or ascending, is freely permeable to water
A
17
Q
does the absence of ADH produce dilute or concentrated urine
A
dilute
18
Q
A
ultra filtrate from the glomerulus
19
Q
where does most of the day-to-day regulation of potassium excretion occur
A
20
Q
what is one of the primary controllers of renal tubular calcium reabsorption
A
PTH
21
Q
by eliminating H+ from the body, the kidneys generate what?
A
HCO3
22
Q
where is virtually all filtered bicarb reabsorbed
A
proximal tubule
23
Q
decreased arterial pressure detected by the kidneys results in the secretion of what?
A
renin
24
Q
A
renin
25
when the body is in a hypovolemic state, what is released to help prevent renal ischemia?
bradykinin - serves as a vasodilator & produced in distal nephron
26
what hormone made by the kidneys acts on bone marrow to increase RBC production
erythropoietin
27
what is the normal pH of urine
about 6, range of 4.5 to 8.0
28
what is the normal specific gravity of urine
1.001-1.035
29
which muscle of the scrotum is skeletal muscle responsible for elevating the testes
cremaster muscle
30
the cremaster muscle is derived from what abdominal muscle
internal oblique
31
what is the course of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epidydymis?
32
What is varicocele
abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus
33
what is cut during a vasectomy
Vas/Ductus Deferens
34
which zone of the prostate is affected by BPH
transitional
35
what gland is responsible for neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra
bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands)
36
what are the three masses of erectile tissue present in the shaft of the penis
corpus spongiosum and paired corpora cavernosa
37
what two sets of unpaired veins drain the penis
superficial dorsal vein and deep dorsal vein
38
what is the most common cause of acute epididymitis <35 yrs old
39
what is a vaccine-preventable cause of orchitis
mumps
40
relief of pain with elevation of the scrotum is known as what and is positive in what disease?
41
what is seen on ultrasound in a patient with epididymitis
increased testicular blood flow
42
Dx: testicular torsion
US: avascular testicle with decreased bloodflow
43
what is the most common surgically correctable cause of male infertility
varicocele (bag of worms on PE)
44
the spermatic vein enters the renal vein at a right angle on which side of the body
left - this leads to the left being more susceptible to varicocele
45
what is a major risk factor for testicular cancer
cryptorchidism
46
in paraphimosis, what happens to the foreskin?
47
this class of meds improves the clinical course of pts with BPH
48
what is the most common cause of priapism
idiopathic
49
what is peyronie's disease
fibrotic band on lateral portion of the penis with history of penile curvature during erections
50
which ligament of the ovary suspends the ovary?
mesovarium
51
the ovarian artery is a branch of what artery?
uterine
52
what is the usual site of fertilization
ampulla of the fallopian tube
53
what is the function of the broad ligament
support uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
also contains suspensory ligament and mesovarium
54
what is the term for an immature egg
oocyte
55
what develops from the ruptured follicle after ovulation
corpus luteum
56
what are the four parts of the uterus
fundus, body, isthmus, cervix
57
what are the four parts of the fallopian tubes
infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, interstitium
58
what is the name of the epithelial mucosa of the uterine wall
endometrium
59
what layer of the uterine wall is shed during menstruation
endometrium
60
the angle of anteversion, measured at 90 degrees, is the forward angle between what two structures?
cervix and vagina
61
where is the urethra embedded within the vagina
anterior wall
62
which neurotransmitter is responsible for expelling urine
63
where in the kidneys do loop diuretics work
64
where in the kidneys do thiazide diuretics work
65
why is hyperaldosteronism associated with hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis
66
where in the kidneys do potassium sparing diuretics work
67
what three lab findings characterize nephrotic syndrome
68
acute glomerulonephritis is an immunologic inflammation of glomeruli causing leakage of what two substances into the urine
69
what is the most common cause of acute glomerulonephritis worldwide?
70
in goodpasture's syndrome, a form of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, antibodies are formed against what?
71
what is the gold standard for diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis
72
what are the RIFLE criteria used to describe acute kidney injury
73
what are the three causes of acute kidney injury
74
What is the hallmark of intrinsic acute tubular necrosis
cellular cast formation due to nephron damage
75
what is the most common type of acute intrinsic tibular necrosis
acute tubular necrosis
76
what class of abx can cause exogenous acute tubular necrosis
aminoglycosides
77
WBC cast on UA are pathognomonic for what two diseases
acute interstitial nephritis or pyelonephritis
78
while a high specific gravity reflects a concentrated urine, a low specific gravity reflects diluted urine due to what?
renal tubular damage
79
is polycystic kidney disease autosomal dominant, recessive, or not a genetically inherited disorder?
autosomal dominant
80
neurological - cerebral "berry" aneurysms
cardiovascular - mitral valve prolapse
81
primary hyperparathyroidism
82
renal failure decreases calcium levels while what increases it?
phosphate
83
stage 5 chronic kidney disease is defined as GFR less than what?
15 - end stage renal disease
normal GFR is 120-130
84
what is the most common cause of end stage renal disease
85
what is the single best predictor of disease progression in patients with ESRD
proteinuria - spot urine ablumin/urine creatinine ration (ACR)
86
what dietary restrictions are helpful in management of CKD
protein, water, sodium, potassium, and phosphate restriction
87
what is a common hematologic complication of CKD
88
ADH - Li is a potential cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
89
Desmopressin/DDVAP
90
the kidney adjusts water balance via what hormone
ADH - primary regulator of water excretion
91
the kidney adjusts water balance via what hormone
Aldosterone
92
93
in a pt with hypernatremia, what type of fluid is used to manage their symptoms
hypotonic fluids (replaces water deficit)
94
what 2 electrolytes are commonly decreased in a patient with hypomagnesemia
potassium and calcium
95
hypomagnesemia can sometimes lead to what EKG finding which is treated with IV magnesium sulfate
torsades de pointes
96
what are the classic EKG findings in a patient with hyperkalemia
97
what is the most common pathogen that causes UTIs
E. coli
98
is the presence of nitrites in urine specific or sensitive for an infection
specific
99
Phenazopyridine (AZO, pyridium)
100
painless hematuria, gross or microscopic, is considered what until proven otherwise?
bladder cancer
101
what electrolyte abnormality may be seen in pts with renal cell carcinoma
hypercalcemia
102
what is the most common cause of secondary hypertension
renal artery stenosis
103
ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pts with which disease of the kidneys
bilateral renal artery stenosis
104
what is the most common type of nephrolithiasis
calcium oxalate
105
urge incontinence is due to over-activity of what muscle
detrusor muscle
