GU Flashcards
bladder muscle
detrusor
contraction of detrusor
parasympathetic stimulation
pelvic nerve
s2-4
relaxation of detrusor
sympathetic stimulation
hypogastric nerve
t11-L2
external urethral sphincter contraction
pudendal nerve stimulated
s2-4
external urethral sphincter relaxation
pudendal nerve inhibited s2-4
pudendal nerve
s2-4
contraction = stimulate nerve – no wee
relaxation = inhibit nerve – wee
hypogastric nerve
t11-L4
sympathetic
detrustor relaxation
no wee
pelvic nerve
s2-4
parasympathetic
detrusor contraction
wee wee
which way round is symp/parasymp? and which neurotransmitters dothey use at effector
symp = fight/flight
- NAd
parasymp = rest/digest
- cholinergic
where are the 3 narrowings of the ureter
PUJ pelvoureter junction (exits kidney)
passes over iliac vessels (uteral segment)
UVJ uterovesical junction (enters bladder)r
gynaecomastia
swelling of male breast tissue due to hormonal imbalance
priapsim
prolonged (4h+) sometimes painful erections without stimulus
detumescence
loss of erection
tumescence
gain of erection
cyclophosphamide
- what is it
- big side effect
an immunosuppressive drug
decreases fertility
incontinence
involuntary loss of urine
urgency incontinence
incontinence associated with urgent desire to void, difficult to defer
stress incontinence
associated with coughing/straining (eg heavy lifting) –> increase in intraabdominal pressure
is stress incontinence more common in men or women
women
continuous incontinence
cause
leaks out as bladder fills
due to fistula (between bladder and vagina or bowel/rectum)
mixed incontinence
combination of stress incontinence and urgency
overflow incontinence
occurs in the presence of a full bladder - you can’t void s pressure builds until it exceeds the sphincter
is overflow incontinence more common in men or women
men
social incontinence
occurs with dementia: cortex is damaged so wee in inappropriate places
overactive bladder OAB
symptoms inc which feature is key
cause
uregency = key feature frequency maybe nocturia maybe incontinence in absence of local pathology (no UTI/bladder stone etc)
augmentation cystoplasty means
enlarge bladder (surgery)
bladder drill
try to extend storage times (reduce frequency) using bladder diary
behaviour therapy treatment for overactive bladder OAB
TNM staging
staging of cancer eg prostate
T= tumour itself
t1-4 (t1= cant feel, t2 can feel, t3 invaded prostatic capsule, t4 invaded local structures)
n= nodes (lymph) n1= present, or otherwise not present
m = metastases that are distant
m1a/b/c for classifying which
which part of the prostate gets bigger in bpe and in prostate cancer
BPE = transitional zone
prostate cancer= peripheral zone
bladder calculi=
bladder stones
impotence vs erectile dysfunction
impotence encompasses erectile dysfunction (inability to attain/maintain erection) but also low sex drive and orgasm /ejaculation difficulties
used v interchangeably
hydrocele
swollen scrotum
