GU Flashcards by Enrhico Rivera

Adrenal cortex secretes ____

Steroid hormones (including cortisol, aldosterone, androgens and estrogens)

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Adrenal medulla produces ______

Catecholamines

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Adrenal glands lie within the ______ space surrounded by fat

Perirenal

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Right adrenal gland location:
A. located _____ to the IVC at the level where the IVC enters the liver
B. between the ____ lobe of the liver and ___ crus of the diaphragm
C. Just _____ the upper pole of the right kidney

A. Posterior
B. Right; right
C. Above

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Left adrenal gland location:
A. Just ___ and ______ to the upper pole of the left kidney
B. ______ to the pancreas and splenic vessels
C. ________ to the _______ crus of the diaphragm

A. Medial; anterior
B. Posterior
C. Lateral; left

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On cross-sectional imaging the adrenal glands appear _____

Triangular, linear or inverted V- or Y- shaped

***adrenal limbs(4-5cm in length, 5-7mm in thickness)

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On MR NORMAL ADRENAL GLAND APPEAR:
A. On T1WI
B. ON T2WI

A. Hypointense (about equal to striated muscle)

B. Isointense to slightly hypointense (compared with the liver); hypointense (compared with the spleen)

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Used to demonstrate intracellular fat in benign adrenal adenomas by utilizing in-phase(IP) and out-of-phase(OP) gradient-recalled sequences

Chemical shift MR imaging

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Intracellular fat demonstrates a loss of signal on out-of-phase images compared to in-phase images because of _____

Signal cancellation effect

Resulting from fat and water occupying the same voxel

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Used to demonstrate macroscopic fat seen in adrenal myelolipomas

Fat saturation MR technique

***macroscopic fat,shows a loss of signal intensity on fat saturation images

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Fascia covering the kidneys

Gerota’s fascia

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Part of the kidney which consists of all the glomeruli,proximal and distal convoluted tubules and accompanying blood vessels

Renal cortex

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Type of renal cortex that is immediately beneath the renal capsule

Peripheral cortex

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Type of renal cortex that extends down between the pyramids as the column of bertin

Septal cortex

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Part of the kidney that consist of the collecting tubules and the long, straight portions of the loop of Henle, as well as the accompanying blood vessels

Medullary pyramids

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The apex of each pyramid is directed at the renal sinus and projects into a ______

Calyx

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Refers to the innermost zone of the medulla , closest to the draining calyx

Papilla

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Cup-shaped structures that drain one renal lobe

Simple calyces

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Drain several renal lobes and are more complex in shape

Compound calyces

more common at the poles of the kidney
more prone to intrarenal reflux

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Minor calyces join to form _____, which drain into the renal pelvis

Major calyces (infundibula)

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a. Right renal artery courses posterior to the ____

b. Left renal artery courses posterior to the ____

A. IVC

B. left renal vein

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Main renal artery divides into _____ and _____ branches as it enters the renal hilum

Ventral; dorsal

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Ventral and dorsal branches from the main renal artery divide into ______ arteries

Segmental

Each is an end artery without anastomoses

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Arise from segmental arteries and course in the columns of bertin

Interlobar arteries

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Continuations of the interlobar arteries and course parallel to the renal capsule at the corticomedullary junction

Arcuate arteries

Arcuate arteries give rise to_____

Intralobular arteries

Arterial divisions down to the level of the ____ artery are demonstrable by color Doppler US

Arcuate

Receptacle of the collecting system

Minor calyx

The sharp-edged portion of the minor calyx projecting around the sides of a papilla

Fornix (of the calyx)

Extend between the minor calyces and renal pelvis

Infundibula

A normal variant that should not be confused with hydronephrosis - predominantly outside the renal sinus and is larger and more distensible than the more common intrarenal pelvis

Extrarenal pelvis

The mucosa lining the entire pelvicalyceal system, ureters, and bladder is _____

Transitional epithelium

Because of ____, the diameter of the ureter at any particular instant is highly variable

Peristalsis

3 main points of urethral narrowing:

1. Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) 2. The site at which the ureter crosses the pelvic brim 3. The ureterovesical junction (UVJ)

Space that separates the bladder from the symphysis pubis

Extraperitoneal space of Retzius

Bladder is separated from the uterus by the ____ (in females); Bladder is separated from the rectum by the _____ (in males)

Uterovesical peritoneal recess (in females); | Rectovesical peritoneal recess (in males)

4 layers of the urinary bladder wall:

1. Outer connective tissue adventitia 2. Circular muscle fibers sandwiched between inner and outer layers of longitudinal fibers 3. Lamina propia 4. Mucosa of transitional epithelium

A triangle at the bladder floor formed by two urethral orifices and the internal urethral orifice

Trigone

(In males) the posterior urethra consist of the ______ and ______

Prostatic urethra; membranous urethra(totally contained within the 1-cm thick Urogenital diaphragm)

(In males) the anterior urethra consists of the ___ and ____

Bulbous urethra; penile urethra

Proximal 2cm of the bulbous urethra -unprotected portion of the urethra that is particularly susceptible to straddle injury

Pars nuda

An oval filling defect in the midportion of the posterior wall .....

Verumontanum

A mullerian remnant, a small saccular depression in the middle of the verumontanum

Utricle

Marks the beginning of the membranous urethra

Distal end of the verumontanum

Pea-sized accessory sex glands within the Urogenital diaphragm on either side of the membranous urethra

Cowper glands

The penoscrotal junction that divides the bulbous and penile urethra is marked by the _________,which causes a normal bend in the urethra

Suspensory ligament of the penis

Lines the entire anterior urethra, its secretions lubricate the urethra

Glands of Littre

Female urethra varies in length from _____

2.5 to 4 cm

Pear shaped muscular organ located between the bladder and rectum

Uterus

Peritoneal folds which extend laterally to the pelvic sidewalls forming the ______

Broad ligament

A "bare" area of Extraperitoneal space is present between the _____ uterus and bladder - an important area for the direct spread of tumor from one organ to the other

Lower

Peritoneum reflecting off the uterus and the bladder forms a shallow ______

Anterior vesicouterine pouch

Posteriorly, the peritoneum reflects onto the rectum and forms a deep _____

Recto-uterine pouch or cul-de-sac

Uterus, cervix, and the upper 1/3 of the vagina are derived from the______

Müllerian ducts

Lower 2/3s of the vagina arise from the ______

Urogenital sinus

Refers to the connective tissue adjacent to the uterus between the folds of the broad ligament and adjacent to the vagina

Parametrium

Cervix is cylindrical in shape and about _____ cm in length

3-4 cm

Adult ovary is oval with a maximal dimension of ______ cm

5x3x2 cm

Maximum ovarian volume: A. Before menarche B. In menstruating women C. In post-menopausal women

A. 9cc B. 22cc C. 6cc

Most prostate cancers (70%) arise in the _____

Peripheral zone

The site of benign prostatic hypertrophic and may enlarge greatly in the older man

Transitional zone

Consists of the glandular tissue at the base of the prostate thru which course the ducts of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory ducts

Central zone

The anterior portion of the prostate is occupied by no glandular tissue called the ____

Anterior fibromuscular stroma

That portion adjacent to the base of the bladder and the seminal vesicles

Base of the prostate

Rests on the Urogenital diaphragm

Apex of the prostate

Offer a route for the hematogenous spread of tumor to the axial skeleton (prostate)

Periprostatic venous connections to vertebral veins

Paired elongated saclike glands located in the posterior groove between the bladder base and the prostate -produce 60%to80% of the fluids passed during ejaculation

Seminal vesicles

Vas deferens joins the ducts of the seminal vesicles to form the ______

Ejaculatory duct

Axial CT appearance of fluid containing seminal vesicles

Bow-tie

Penis contains ______ corpus cavernosa and ____ corpus spongiosum

Paired; single

Encases the corpora and deep vessels of the penis and fuses proximally with the deep Urogenital fascia

Buck fascia

Penile blood supply

Branches of the internal pudendal artery | arises from the internal iliac artery

Supply the corpora cavernosa

Cavernosal arteries

Supply the glans penis, skin of the penis, and distal corpus spongiosum

Dorsal penile arteries and veins

Supplies the urethra and proximal corpus spongiosum

Bulbar artery