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Anna Burant IV > GU > Flashcards

GU Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes ____

A

Steroid hormones (including cortisol, aldosterone, androgens and estrogens)

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2
Q

Adrenal medulla produces ______

A

Catecholamines

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3
Q

Adrenal glands lie within the ______ space surrounded by fat

A

Perirenal

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4
Q

Right adrenal gland location:
A. located _____ to the IVC at the level where the IVC enters the liver
B. between the ____ lobe of the liver and ___ crus of the diaphragm
C. Just _____ the upper pole of the right kidney

A

A. Posterior
B. Right; right
C. Above

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5
Q

Left adrenal gland location:
A. Just ___ and ______ to the upper pole of the left kidney
B. ______ to the pancreas and splenic vessels
C. ________ to the _______ crus of the diaphragm

A

A. Medial; anterior
B. Posterior
C. Lateral; left

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6
Q

On cross-sectional imaging the adrenal glands appear _____

A

Triangular, linear or inverted V- or Y- shaped

***adrenal limbs(4-5cm in length, 5-7mm in thickness)

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7
Q

On MR NORMAL ADRENAL GLAND APPEAR:
A. On T1WI
B. ON T2WI

A

A. Hypointense (about equal to striated muscle)

B. Isointense to slightly hypointense (compared with the liver); hypointense (compared with the spleen)

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8
Q

Used to demonstrate intracellular fat in benign adrenal adenomas by utilizing in-phase(IP) and out-of-phase(OP) gradient-recalled sequences

A

Chemical shift MR imaging

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9
Q

Intracellular fat demonstrates a loss of signal on out-of-phase images compared to in-phase images because of _____

A

Signal cancellation effect

Resulting from fat and water occupying the same voxel

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10
Q

Used to demonstrate macroscopic fat seen in adrenal myelolipomas

A

Fat saturation MR technique

***macroscopic fat,shows a loss of signal intensity on fat saturation images

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11
Q

Fascia covering the kidneys

A

Gerota’s fascia

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12
Q

Part of the kidney which consists of all the glomeruli,proximal and distal convoluted tubules and accompanying blood vessels

A

Renal cortex

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13
Q

Type of renal cortex that is immediately beneath the renal capsule

A

Peripheral cortex

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14
Q

Type of renal cortex that extends down between the pyramids as the column of bertin

A

Septal cortex

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15
Q

Part of the kidney that consist of the collecting tubules and the long, straight portions of the loop of Henle, as well as the accompanying blood vessels

A

Medullary pyramids

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16
Q

The apex of each pyramid is directed at the renal sinus and projects into a ______

A

Calyx

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17
Q

Refers to the innermost zone of the medulla , closest to the draining calyx

A

Papilla

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18
Q

Cup-shaped structures that drain one renal lobe

A

Simple calyces

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19
Q

Drain several renal lobes and are more complex in shape

A

Compound calyces

  • more common at the poles of the kidney
  • more prone to intrarenal reflux
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20
Q

Minor calyces join to form _____, which drain into the renal pelvis

A

Major calyces (infundibula)

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21
Q

a. Right renal artery courses posterior to the ____

b. Left renal artery courses posterior to the ____

A

A. IVC

B. left renal vein

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22
Q

Main renal artery divides into _____ and _____ branches as it enters the renal hilum

A

Ventral; dorsal

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23
Q

Ventral and dorsal branches from the main renal artery divide into ______ arteries

A

Segmental

Each is an end artery without anastomoses

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24
Q

Arise from segmental arteries and course in the columns of bertin

A

Interlobar arteries

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25
Q

Continuations of the interlobar arteries and course parallel to the renal capsule at the corticomedullary junction

A

Arcuate arteries

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26
Q

Arcuate arteries give rise to_____

A

Intralobular arteries

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27
Q

Arterial divisions down to the level of the ____ artery are demonstrable by color Doppler US

A

Arcuate

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28
Q

Receptacle of the collecting system

A

Minor calyx

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29
Q

The sharp-edged portion of the minor calyx projecting around the sides of a papilla

A

Fornix (of the calyx)

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30
Q

Extend between the minor calyces and renal pelvis

A

Infundibula

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31
Q

A normal variant that should not be confused with hydronephrosis
- predominantly outside the renal sinus and is larger and more distensible than the more common intrarenal pelvis

A

Extrarenal pelvis

32
Q

The mucosa lining the entire pelvicalyceal system, ureters, and bladder is _____

A

Transitional epithelium

33
Q

Because of ____, the diameter of the ureter at any particular instant is highly variable

A

Peristalsis

34
Q

3 main points of urethral narrowing:

A
  1. Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)
  2. The site at which the ureter crosses the pelvic brim
  3. The ureterovesical junction (UVJ)
35
Q

Space that separates the bladder from the symphysis pubis

A

Extraperitoneal space of Retzius

36
Q

Bladder is separated from the uterus by the ____ (in females);
Bladder is separated from the rectum by the _____ (in males)

A

Uterovesical peritoneal recess (in females);

Rectovesical peritoneal recess (in males)

37
Q

4 layers of the urinary bladder wall:

A
  1. Outer connective tissue adventitia
  2. Circular muscle fibers sandwiched between inner and outer layers of longitudinal fibers
  3. Lamina propia
  4. Mucosa of transitional epithelium
38
Q

A triangle at the bladder floor formed by two urethral orifices and the internal urethral orifice

A

Trigone

39
Q

(In males) the posterior urethra consist of the ______ and ______

A

Prostatic urethra; membranous urethra(totally contained within the 1-cm thick Urogenital diaphragm)

40
Q

(In males) the anterior urethra consists of the ___ and ____

A

Bulbous urethra; penile urethra

41
Q

Proximal 2cm of the bulbous urethra

-unprotected portion of the urethra that is particularly susceptible to straddle injury

A

Pars nuda

42
Q

An oval filling defect in the midportion of the posterior wall …..

A

Verumontanum

43
Q

A mullerian remnant, a small saccular depression in the middle of the verumontanum

A

Utricle

44
Q

Marks the beginning of the membranous urethra

A

Distal end of the verumontanum

45
Q

Pea-sized accessory sex glands within the Urogenital diaphragm on either side of the membranous urethra

A

Cowper glands

46
Q

The penoscrotal junction that divides the bulbous and penile urethra is marked by the _________,which causes a normal bend in the urethra

A

Suspensory ligament of the penis

47
Q

Lines the entire anterior urethra, its secretions lubricate the urethra

A

Glands of Littre

48
Q

Female urethra varies in length from _____

A

2.5 to 4 cm

49
Q

Pear shaped muscular organ located between the bladder and rectum

A

Uterus

50
Q

Peritoneal folds which extend laterally to the pelvic sidewalls forming the ______

A

Broad ligament

51
Q

A “bare” area of Extraperitoneal space is present between the _____ uterus and bladder

  • an important area for the direct spread of tumor from one organ to the other
A

Lower

52
Q

Peritoneum reflecting off the uterus and the bladder forms a shallow ______

A

Anterior vesicouterine pouch

53
Q

Posteriorly, the peritoneum reflects onto the rectum and forms a deep _____

A

Recto-uterine pouch or cul-de-sac

54
Q

Uterus, cervix, and the upper 1/3 of the vagina are derived from the______

A

Müllerian ducts

55
Q

Lower 2/3s of the vagina arise from the ______

A

Urogenital sinus

56
Q

Refers to the connective tissue adjacent to the uterus between the folds of the broad ligament and adjacent to the vagina

A

Parametrium

57
Q

Cervix is cylindrical in shape and about _____ cm in length

A

3-4 cm

58
Q

Adult ovary is oval with a maximal dimension of ______ cm

A

5x3x2 cm

59
Q

Maximum ovarian volume:
A. Before menarche
B. In menstruating women
C. In post-menopausal women

A

A. 9cc
B. 22cc
C. 6cc

60
Q

Most prostate cancers (70%) arise in the _____

A

Peripheral zone

61
Q

The site of benign prostatic hypertrophic and may enlarge greatly in the older man

A

Transitional zone

62
Q

Consists of the glandular tissue at the base of the prostate thru which course the ducts of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory ducts

A

Central zone

63
Q

The anterior portion of the prostate is occupied by no glandular tissue called the ____

A

Anterior fibromuscular stroma

64
Q

That portion adjacent to the base of the bladder and the seminal vesicles

A

Base of the prostate

65
Q

Rests on the Urogenital diaphragm

A

Apex of the prostate

66
Q

Offer a route for the hematogenous spread of tumor to the axial skeleton (prostate)

A

Periprostatic venous connections to vertebral veins

67
Q

Paired elongated saclike glands located in the posterior groove between the bladder base and the prostate
-produce 60%to80% of the fluids passed during ejaculation

A

Seminal vesicles

68
Q

Vas deferens joins the ducts of the seminal vesicles to form the ______

A

Ejaculatory duct

69
Q

Axial CT appearance of fluid containing seminal vesicles

A

Bow-tie

70
Q

Penis contains ______ corpus cavernosa and ____ corpus spongiosum

A

Paired; single

71
Q

Encases the corpora and deep vessels of the penis and fuses proximally with the deep Urogenital fascia

A

Buck fascia

72
Q

Penile blood supply

A

Branches of the internal pudendal artery

arises from the internal iliac artery

73
Q

Supply the corpora cavernosa

A

Cavernosal arteries

74
Q

Supply the glans penis, skin of the penis, and distal corpus spongiosum

A

Dorsal penile arteries and veins

75
Q

Supplies the urethra and proximal corpus spongiosum

A

Bulbar artery

Anna Burant IV (7 decks)

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