GI Flashcards
1
Q
Large intestine consist of the:
A
Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal
2
Q
Approx. length of the large intestine from the ileum to the anus
A
1.5 meters
3
Q
The large intestine is characterized by the (3):
A
Taenia coli, haustra, sacculations
4
Q
Where the fecal material is stored until defecation
A
Sigmoid colon
5
Q
Absorb water from the highly liquid material received from the ileum
A
Cecum and ascending colon
6
Q
Large blind pouch that extends below the level of the ileocecal valve
A
Cecum
7
Q
The splenic flexure is anchored to the diaphragm by the _____
-serves as a boundary between disease processes of the left subphrenic space and the left paracolic gutter
A
Phrenicocolic ligament
8
Q
EXTRAPERITONEAL (within the anterior pararenal space, and is covered by peritoneum only on its ventral surface)
colonic segments
A
Ascending and descending colon
9
Q
INTRAPERITONEAL COLONIC SEGMENTS
A
Transverse and sigmoid colon
10
Q
Average length of the anal canal
A
3-4 cm
11
Q
The thickness of the wall of the normal colon does not exceed ____
A
5mm
12
Q
The appendix arises from the ______ of the cecum at the junction of the taenia coli, approx _____ below the ileocecal valve
A
Posteromedial, 1 to 2 cm
13
Q
Normal average diameter of the appendix
A
4 to 5 mm
14
Q
Normal approx length of the appendix
A
8cm (although it may be up to 30cm long)
15
Q
The appendix always arises from the cecum on the ____ side of the ileocecal valve
A
Same
16
Q
On CT, US and MR, the normal appendix appears as a thin-walled tube less than ____mm in diameter
A
6
17
Q
Arbitrarily defined as the proximal 2/5s of the mesentric intestine
A
Jejunum
18
Q
The distal 3/5s of the mesenteric intestine
A
Ileum
19
Q
Concave border of the small bowel loops
-where the mesenteric leaflet attaches
A
Mesenteric border
20
Q
The convex border facing away from the mesentery
A
Antimesenteric border
21
Q
Imaging characteristics of the jejunum(4)
A
- feathery mucosal pattern
- More prominent valvulae conniventes
- Wider lumen
- Thicker wall
22
Q
Imaging characteristics of the ileum(4):
A
- Less feathered mucosal pattern
- Thinner,Less frequent folds
- Narrower lumen
- Thinner wall
23
Q
Finger like projections that extend from the entire mucosal surface of the small bowel
A
Villi
24
Q
Normal lymph nodes in the mesentery measure ______
A
Less than 4mm in diameter
25
4 GI TRACT layers
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, serosa or adventitia
26
Innermost GI tract layer exposed to the lumen
Mucosa
27
Provides connective tissue support for the mucosa
| -contains the primary vascular and lymphatic channels, lymphoid follicles and autonomic nerve plexuses
Submucosa
28
Major muscular structure of the bowel wall, comprised of the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers
Muscularis propria
29
Outer covering of the bowel
Serosa or adventitia
30
Region of the GE junction (part of the stomach)
Cardia
31
That portion of the stomach above the level of the GE Junction
Fundus
32
Central 2/3s of the stomach from the Cardia to the incisura angularis
Body of the stomach
33
Acute angle formed on the lesser curvature that marks the boundary between body and the antrum of the stomach
Incisura angularis
34
Produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Parietal cells
35
Produce pepsin precursors in the stomach
Chief cells
36
The parietal cells and chief cells are located in which part of the stomach
Fundus and body
37
Distal one-third of the stomach than contains gastrin-producing cells but no acid secreting cells
Antrum
38
Junction of the stomach with the duodenum
Pylorus
39
Pyramidal first portion of the duodenum
Duodenal bulb or cap
40
Portion of the duodenum that is lateral to the head of the pancreas
Second or descending portion of the duodenum
41
Pierces the medial aspect of the descending duodenum at the ampulla of vater
Common bile duct and pancreatic duct
42
Portion of the duodenum that passes to the left between the superior mesenteric vessels and the inferior vena cava and aorta
Third or horizontal portion of the duodenum
43
Portion of the duodenum that ascends on the left side of the aorta to the level of L2 and the ligament of treitz
Fourth or the ascending portion of the duodenum
44
Detailed pattern of the gastric mucosa
Area gastricae
*normal area gastricae varies from a fine reticular pattern to a course nodular pattern
45
Refers to the gastric mucosal folds that produce distinct radiolucent ridges when the stomach is partially distended
Rugae
46
Rugal folds are most prominent in the ____ and _____ and are usually absent in the ____
Fundus; proximal gastric body;
| Antrum
47
The ______ of the stomach is attached to the liver by the lesser omentum
Lesser curvature
48
The greater omentum attaches to the ____ of the stomach
Greater curvature
49
INTRAPERITONEAL space posterior to the stomach and anterior to the pancreas
Lesser sac
50
On CT, the normal gastric wall thickness when well distended:
A. In the antrum
B. In the body
A. 5 to 7mm
| B. 2 to 3mm
51
Normal duodenal wall thickness
Less than 3mm
52
3 pharyngeal compartments
1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. hypopharnyx(laryngopharynx)
53
Pharyngeal compartment that extends from the skull base to soft palate
Nasopharynx
54
Pharyngeal compartment that is posterior to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate to the hyoid bone
Oropharynx
55
Pharyngeal compartment that extends from the hyoid bone to the cricopharyngeus muscle
Hypopharynx (laryngopharynx)
56
Anterior boundary of the oropharynx
Base of the tongue
57
Separate the larynx from the oropharynx and hypopharynx
Epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds
58
2 symmetrical pouches formed in the recess between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis
Valleculae
*divided medially by the median glossoepiglottic fold and bounded laterally by the lateral glossoepiglottic folds
59
Deep symmetrical lateral recesses formed by the protrusion of the larynx into the hypopharynx
Piriform sinuses
60
The esophagus extends from the ______ muscle at the level of C5-C6 to the ______
Cricopharyngeus ; GEJ
61
Esophagus is a muscular tube formed by an outer ____ muscle layer and inner _____ muscle layer lined by _______ epithelium
Longitudinal; circular; stratified squamous
62
The esophagus lacks a _______ layer
Serosal
63
A. Proximal 1/3 of esophagus muscle type
| B. Distal 2/3 of esophagus muscle type
A. Striated muscle
| B. Smooth muscle
64
Normal extrinsic impression on the esophagus are made by the (3):
Aortic arch, left mainstem bronchus , left atrium
65
Esophageal pattern with multiple regular transverse folds ,1mm thick, result from contraction of the longitudinal fibers in the muscularis mucosa
Feline esophagus
66
Distension of the upper esophagus ______ OR
| the lower esophagus ________ is abnormal
More than 10mm ; more than 20mm
67
______ in the esophagus is always abnormal
Air-fluid levels
68
The wall of the distended esophagus should not exceed ____ in thickness
3cm
69
Demarcates the pharynx and the esophagus
Cricopharyngeus muscle(C5-C6 level)
70
Saccular termination of the esophagus
Esophageal vestibule
71
The tubulovestibular junction (in esophagogastric region) is formed by a symmetrical muscular ring called the ______
A ring
72
An asymmetrical mucosal ring or notch that occurs at the junction of esophageal squamous epithelium with gastric columnar epithelium
B ring
73
Seen best on double contrast study, this marks the junction of the squamous epithelium of the esophagus and the columnar epithelium of the stomach
Z line
74
2 Radiographic markers of the GE junction
B ring and the Z line
75
Normal process of swallowing can be divided into (3):
Oral, pharyngeal and esophageal stages
76
Esophageal motility is evaluated by observing fluoroscopically at least ______ separate swallows of barium with the patient in a _____ position
5; prone-oblique
77
Radiographically appears as a stripping wave that traverses the entire esophagus from top to bottom
Primary peristalsis
78
Has the same radiographic appearance as primary waves except that they may start at the point of the retained barium bolus
Secondary peristalsis
79
Nonperistaltic contractions that cause a corkscrew or beaded appearance of the esophageal barium column
Tertiary waves
80
A tongue-shaped organ , approx 12 to 15 cm in length, that lies within the anterior pararenal compartment of the retroperitoneum
Pancreas
81
Pancreas location:
_______ to the left of the liver, stomach and lesser sac;
_______ to the spine,IVC and aorta
Posterior ; anterior
82
The splenic vein and pancreas are ______ to the superior mesenteric artery
Anterior
83
Maximum dimensions for pancreatic size are (diameter):
| A. Head B. Body C. Tail
A. 3.0 cm; B. 2.5 cm; C. 2.0 cm
84
(In Brant) pancreatic duct normally measures ____ mm in diameter in the head and tapers smoothly toward the tail
3-4mm
85
Body's largest lymphoid organ
Spleen
* sequesters abnormal and aged RBC and WBC
* reservoir for RBCs
86
Average spleen dimension in adults (in Brant)
12 x 7 x 3-4 cm (L x W x thickness)
87
Term applied to a normal spleen positioned outside of its normal location in the LUQ
Wandering spleen
*caused by laxity of the splenic ligaments
88
Refers to multiple implants of ectopic splenic tissue that may occur after traumatic splenic rupture
Splenosis
89
During arterial phase the spleen exhibits alternating bands of hi and low density
Arciform enhancement pattern
90
Congenital absence of the spleen
Asplenia(Ivemark syndrome)
91
Splenules
Accessory spleen
92
Maximum enhancement of the liver parenchyma occurs at _____ second
60 to 120 seconds following hepatic arterial enhancement
93
Longitudinal plane thru the middle hepatic vein, IVC and gallbladder fossa divides the livers into ____
Right and left lobes
94
Longitudinal plane thru the right hepatic vein divides the right lobe into _____
Anterior (VIII and V) and posterior (VII and VI) segments
95
Longitudinal plane thru the left hepatic vein divides the left lobe into _____
Medial (IVa and IVb) and lateral (II and III) segments
96
Transverse plane thru the left portal vein divides the left lobe into ______
Superior (IVa and II) and inferior (IVb and III) segments
97
Oblique transverse plane thru the right portal vein divides the right lobe into _____
Superior (VIII and VII) and inferior (V and VI) segments
98
Hepatic segment that extends between the fissure of the ligamentum venosum and the IVC
Segment I (caudate lobe)
99
Transient enhancement differences(liver)
* page 694
* systemic venous blood drains into hepatic sinusoids altering normal intrahepatic blood results in focal areas of increased or decreased enhancement during the various phases of parenchymal enhancement
Transient hepatic attenuation differences (THADs) or Transient hepatic intensity differences (THIDs)
100
(On CT), the normal liver parenchymal attenuation is ______ than the attenuation of normal spleen parenchyma on UNENHANCED images
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*during arterial phase, spleen
101
The ducts of the left hepatic lobe are more ______ than those of the right hepatic lobe
ANTERIOR
102
Cystic duct + common hepatic duct
Common bile duct
103
The CBD tapers distally as it ends in the _____
Sphincter of Oddi
*protrudes into the duodenum as the ampulla of vater
104
Descriptive folding of the gallbladder Fundus, is a common normal variant
Phrygian cap
105
Small folds in the cystic duct
Spiral valves of Heister
106
A gallbladder greater than 5 cm in diameter is considered _____
Enlarged (hydropic)
107
A gallbladder less than 2cm in diameter is considered _____
Contracted
108
The normal gallbladder wall does not exceed __ mm in thickness, measured from the gallbladder lumen to liver parenchyma, when gallbladder is distended
3
109
The peritoneal cavity is divided into the ____
Greater peritoneal cavity and the lesser peritoneal cavity(lesser sac)
110
Space which communicates around the liver with the anterior subhepatic and posterior subhepatic space(Morison pouch)
Right subphrenic space
111
Most dependent portion of the abdominal cavity in the supine position
Morison pouch (right hepatorenal fossa)
112
Left subphrenic (perisplenic) space communicates freely with the left subhepatic space but is separated from the right subphrenic space by the ________ and from the left paracolic gutter by the _____
Falciform ligament; phrenicocolic ligament
113
Space affected by diseases of the duodenal bulb, lesser curve of the stomach, gallbladder, and left lobe of the liver
Left subhepatic space (gastrohepatic recess)
114
Most dependent portion of the peritoneal cavity in the upright patient
Pelvis
115
Remnant of the obliterated umbilical vein
Ligamentum teres
*found in the caudal free end of the falciform ligament
116
Part of the liver not covered by peritoneum
Bare area
117
Composed of the gastrohepatic and hepatoduodenal ligaments, suspends the stomach and the duodenal bulb from the inferior surface of the liver
Lesser omentum
*separates the gastrohepatic recess of the left subphrenic space from the lesser sac
118
Isolated peritoneal compartment between the stomach and the pancreas
Lesser sac
*communicates with the rest of the peritoneal cavity only through the small foramen of Winslow
119
A double layer of peritoneum that hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach
Greater omentum
*serves as fertile ground for implantation of peritoneal mets
120
3 divisions of the retroperitoneal space
Anterior pararenal, perirenal, posterior pararenal
121
Space that Extends between the posterior parietal peritoneum and the anterior renal fascia
Anterior pararenal space
* bounded laterally by the lateroconal fascia
- contains the pancreas, duodenal loop, ascending and descending colon
122
Anterior and posterior renal fasciae encompass the kidney, adrenal gland, and perirenal fat within the ______
Perirenal space
123
A potential space filled only with fat
Posterior renal space
*continues into the flank as the properitoneal fat stripe
124
3 major anatomic compartments of the pelvis
1. Peritoneal cavity
2. Extraperitoneal space
3. Perineum
125
Peritoneal cavity extends to the level of the vagina forming the _____, or to the level of the seminal vesicles forming the _______
Pouch of Douglas (cul-de-sac); rectovesical pouch
126
Anterior boundary of the rectouterine pouch
Broad ligament
127
Most dependent portion of the peritoneal cavity
Cul-de-sac
128
Continuous with the retroperitoneal space of the abdomen
Extraperitoneal space of pelvis
129
Anatomic landmark of the perineum
Ischiorectal fossa
130
Lies below the pelvic diaphragm
Perineum
