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1
Q

What is the first line treatment for BPH?

A

Tamsulosin

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2
Q

Is the cremasteric reflex present in testicular torsion?

A

No

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3
Q

Is the cremasteric reflex present in epididymitis?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What is the gold standard investigation for kidney stones?

A

Non-contrast CT of kidneys, ureters and bladder

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5
Q

How long after a streptococcal infection does post streptococcal glomerulonephritis develop?

A

2 weeks

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6
Q

Give 3 features of nephritic syndrome.

A

Haematuria
Mild proteinuria
Red cell casts in urine

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis?

A

IgA nephropathy

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8
Q

What are the two first line medications for UTI?

A

Trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin

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9
Q

What is the first line treatment of pyelonephritis?

A

Ciprofloxacin/co-amoxiclav

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10
Q

Which pathogen causes gonorrhoea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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11
Q

What is the appearance of neisseria?

A

Gram-negative diplococci

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12
Q

What is the first line treatment of gonorrhoea?

A

IM ceftriaxone

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13
Q

Name as many causes of AKI as you can.

A 
Hypovolaemia
Sepsis
Acute tubular necrosis
Renal stones 
NSAIDs (nephrotoxic drugs)
Glomerulonephritis 
Vasculitis
Urethral stricture
BPH
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14
Q

What is the gold standard investigation for bladder cancer?

A

Flexible cystoscopy

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15
Q

What is the first line management of bladder cancer?

A

TURBT - transurethral resection of bladder tumour

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16
Q

What is the second line surgical management of bladder cancer?

A

Radical cystectomy

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17
Q

What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis?

A

IgA nephropathy

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18
Q

Give 4 features of nephrotic syndrome.

A

Hypoalbuminaemia, heavy proteinuria (more than 3.5g/day), hypercholesterolaemia, oedema

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19
Q

What is oxybutynin used to treat?

A

Overactive bladder

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20
Q

What class of drugs does oxybutynin belong to?

A

Antimuscarinics

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21
Q

Give 4 side effects of oxybutynin.

A

Constipation, dry eyes, dry mouth, blurred vision.

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22
Q

How does oxybutynin work?

A

Anti muscarinics inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system, which decreased detrusor excitability.

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23
Q

What is the gold standard investigation for prostate cancer?

A

Transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy

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24
Q

Which grading system does prostate cancer use?

A

Gleason grading

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25
Q

What two classes of drugs are used to treat BPH?

A

Alpha blockers

5-alpha reductase inhibitors

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26
Q

Give an example of a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor.

A

Sildenafil/viagra

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27
Q

What is the mechanism of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors?

A

Inhibits the formation of dihydrotestosterone from testosterone via the 5-alpha reductase enzyme

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28
Q

What is the aetiology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?

A

A mutation on chromosome 4 or 16 affecting renal tubule development

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29
Q

What condition are berry aneurysms a complication of/

A

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

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30
Q

Which parasite can cause bladder cancer?

A

Schistosomiasis

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31
Q

What is the first line treatment of cystitis?

A

Trimethoprim

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32
Q

What is the triad of symptoms in renal cell carcinoma?

A

Flank pain
Haematuria
Palpable mass

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33
Q

Give 4 functions of the kidney.

A

Ultrafiltration
Produces EPO
Electrolyte balance
Excretion of waste

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34
Q

Give 2 pre-renal causes of AKI.

A

Hypertension

Diabetes mellitus

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35
Q

Give 2 renal causes of AKI.

A

Glomerulonephritis

Polycystic kidney disease

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36
Q

Give 2 post-renal causes of AKI.

A

BPH

Renal stones

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37
Q

What is the definition of erectile dysfunction?

A

Inability to gain and maintain an erection long enough to achieve sexual satisfaction

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38
Q

Give 4 features of nephrotic syndrome.

A

Hypoalbuminaemia
Hyperlipidaemia
Peripheral oedema
Heavy proteinuria

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39
Q

Give 4 causes of nephritic syndrome.

A

SLE
Goodpasture’s syndrome
IgA nephropathy
Post-streptococcal infection

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40
Q

Give a non-pharmacological, pharmacological and surgical management of stress incontinence.

A

Pelvic floor exercises
Duloxetine
Sling/artificial urinary sphincter

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41
Q

Which ethnic group are at the highest risk of prostate cancer?

A

Afro-carribbean

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42
Q

Which bacteria causes chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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43
Q

Which bacteria causes gonorrhoea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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44
Q

What is the first line treatment of syphilis?

A

Benzanthine penicillin or azithromycin

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45
Q

What are the two commonest types of testicular cancer?

A

Teratoma and seminoma

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46
Q

What antigen is raised in testicular cancer?

A

Alpha feto protein

47
Q

What antigen is raised in ovarian cancer?

48
Q

What does painless haematuria indicate?

A

Bladder cancer

49
Q

What is the first line investigation for bladder cancer?

A

Flexible cystoscopy

50
Q

What is the grading of prostate cancer?

A

Gleason grading

51
Q

What antigen is seen in Goodpasture’s syndrome?

A

Anti glomerular basement membrane

52
Q

What antigen is seen in granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

53
Q

What else can PSA be raised in other than prostate cancer?

A

UTI, prostatitis, BPH, old age,

54
Q

What type of cancer is fibrin raised in?

A

Bladder cancer

55
Q

What staging is used for colorectal cancer?

A

Dukes staging

56
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Goodpasture’s syndrome?

57
Q

Is goodpasture’s nephrotic or nephritic?

58
Q

What is the urine output criteria for the staging of AKI?

A

Stage 1 - urine output <0.5ml/kg/hour for more than 6 hours
Stage 2 - urine output <0.5ml/kg/hour for more than 12 hours
Stage 3 urine output <0.3ml/kg/hour for more than 24 hours, or no urine output for 12 hours

59
Q

What is the creatinine criteria for the staging of AKI?

A

Stage 1 - 150-200% increase from baseline
Stage 2 - 200-300% increase from baseline
Stage 3 - >300% increase from baseline

60
Q

In what conditions are ANA antibodies seen in?

A

SLE
Sjogrens
Scleroderma

61
Q

In what condition are anti-la and anti-ro antibodies seen?

A

Sjogrens syndrome

62
Q

What patients would be classed as having complicated UTIs?

A 
Males
Pregnant women 
Elderly people 
Children
Recurrent UTIs
63
Q

What is the first line treatment for chlamydia trachomitis?

A

Azithromycin or doxycycline

64
Q

What is the first line treatment for neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Azithromycin with ceftriaxone (IM)

65
Q

What does a testicular seminoma secrete?

66
Q

What does a testicular choriocarcinoma secrete?

67
Q

What does a testicular endodermal yolk sac tumour secrete?

A

Alpha fetoprotein

68
Q

What type of stones are radiolucent?

A

Uric acid stones

69
Q

What type of stones are radiopaque?

A

Magnesium and calcium stones

70
Q

Give an example of a prognostic treatment of prostate cancer.

A

Finasteride

71
Q

What class of drug is finasteride?

A

5-alpha reductase inhibitor

72
Q

What is the action of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors?

A

Inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

73
Q

What drug can be given for symptomatic control in prostate cancer?

A

Tamsulosin

74
Q

Under what age is a UTI complicated in infants?

75
Q

Give 4 examples of groups in which UTIs are complicated.

A

Under 2 months old
Pregnant
Males
Catheterised patients

76
Q

What is the main artery involved in erectile function?

A

Internal pudendal artery

77
Q

What enzyme is secreted from the kidneys in response to hypovolaemia or hypotension?

78
Q

Who does Turner’s syndrome affect?

A

Females only

79
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome?

A

One of the X chromosomes is missing

80
Q

What are the symptoms of Turner’s syndrome?

A

Short stature and primary amenorrhoea

81
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of Kallmann’s syndrome?

A

X-linked recessive

82
Q

Who does Kallmann’s syndrome primarily affect?

83
Q

What are the symptoms of Kallmann’s syndrome?

A

Delayed puberty, poor or no sense of smell

84
Q

What type of brain tumour is bHCg elevated in?

85
Q

Why does tamsulosin cause postural hypotension?

A

Dilation of venous capacitance vessels

86
Q

Give three risk factors for UTI.

A

Female
Diabetes
Post-menopausal

87
Q

What is the first line investigation for a UTI?

A

Urine dipstick

88
Q

Where are urinary tract stones likely to get stuck?

A

Uretopelvic junction, ureteric crossing of iliac vessels, ureterovesical junction

89
Q

What radiological intervention can be used to treat renal tract stones?

A

Ultrasound shock wave therapy

90
Q

What is the first line management of suspected testicular torsion?

A

Surgical exploration and untwisting (don’t delay surgery)

91
Q

What is classed as early menopause?

92
Q

How is goodpasture’s syndrome treated?

A

Immunosuppression - corticosteroids

93
Q

What is the first line investigation of renal cell carcinoma?

A

CT urogram (CT KUB with IV contrast)

94
Q

What is the creatinine criteria for diagnosing AKI?

A

A rise of more than 26 micromol/L in 48 hours

A rise of more than 50% in the last 7 days

95
Q

What is the first line for an uncomplicated UTI due to E. coli?

A

Oral nitrofurantoin for 3 days

96
Q

How long is treatment for a complicated UTI?

97
Q

What is the first line treatment of chlamydia?

A

Oral doxycycline 100mg twice daily for 7 days

98
Q

What differentiates hydrocele/varicocele from testicular cancer?

A

Varicocele/hydrocele are both soft and moveable, whereas testicular cancer is hard and does not move

99
Q

What is the secondary differential for UTI?

100
Q

Give 3 risk factors for UTI.

A

Female
Post-menopausal
Diabetes

101
Q

What is the gold standard investigation for UTI?

A

Urine dipstick

102
Q

What is the gold standard investigation for pyelonephritis?

A

Midstream urine culture and sensitivity

103
Q

Give 4 symptoms of renal stones.

A

Renal colic - loin to groin pain
UTI symptoms
Haematuria
Recurrent UTIs

104
Q

What is the most common presentation of testicular cancer?

A

Painless lump

105
Q

How is a testicular tumour differentiated from other lumps?

A

Does not transilluminate
Hard and craggy
Testicular cancer cannot be palpated above

106
Q

What is the first line treatment of erectile dysfunction?

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

107
Q

Give 4 conditions associated with erectile dysfunction.

A

Diabetes
Trauma
Cardiovascular disease
Alcohol and liver disease

108
Q

What is the most commonly diagnosed STI?

109
Q

How is chlamydia tested for?

A

Vaginal swab or first stream urine sample

110
Q

What is the treatment of chlamydia?

A

7 day course of doxycycline

111
Q

Define UTI.

A

The presence of bacteria in the urine, combined with presence of clinical features

112
Q

Who can have an uncomplicated UTI?

A

Non-pregnant female

113
Q

What is the triad of symptoms seen in pyelonephritis?

A

Loin pain, fever, pyuria

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