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Human Geography > GSGG - Globalisation > Flashcards

GSGG - Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define globalisation

A

The world becoming more globally connected economically, politically, socially and culturally

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2
Q

What did the Canadian philosopher Marshall Mcluhan predict that the world will become?

A

A global village, where economic and labour flows are given free reign

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3
Q

Name the 5 dimensions of labour

A

Flows of:
- labour
- capital
- information
- services
- products

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4
Q

Describe the flows of capital between core/periphery regions, the IMF and the World Bank

A

Core to periphery regions:
- remittance payments
- FDI
- Aid

Periphery to core regions:
- repatriation of profits
- migration

Core to IMF/World Bank:
- fund the organisations so that they can give out loans

Periphery regions to IMF/World Bank:
- repayment

The World Bank:
- development loans
- disaster relief loans

The IMF:
- stabilising loans

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5
Q

What is the difference between the IMF and the world bank?

A

World bank
- focuses on reducing poverty and developing LICS and NEE’s

IMF
- ensuring the stability of economies around the world

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6
Q

Describe the flows of labour globally

A
  • Europe has the highest migrant population out of every continent
  • Asia has the most migration within its continent (most of the migration being towards the west since it is wealthier)
  • Africa’s movement of labour stays mostly between neighbouring countries
  • Central and south America have very high labour flows
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7
Q

Describe the flow of products (in the past, present and future)

A
  • globalisation has made the flows of products international

Past:
- previously produced in HIC’s because they had the resources and the highest demand

Present:
- now increasingly being produces in LIC’s and NEE’s due to technological advancements
- also much lower labour costs, so profits will be higher
- fall in the secondary sectors in HIC’s

Future:
- increase in NEE’s mean and increase in wealthier consumers
- predicted to be an increase in demand for goods and services around the world

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8
Q

Describe the flow of the 2 types of services

A

High level services:
- require more skill and usually training
- example is financial services
- more concentrated in HIC’s

Low level services:
- usually don’t require any qualifications
- example is call centres
- becoming increasingly offshored due to lower labour costs (boosting globalisation)

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9
Q

Describe the flows of information globally

A
  • social media allows people to connect with each other from all around the world
  • fast data connections allow financial services to work quickly and for information to travel instantly
  • increase in work from home jobs because people can research everything that they need using the information on the internet
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10
Q

Why is global awareness important for a brand?

A
  • being familiar with the brands packaging, motto or anything else brings a sense of trust and creates a relationship with the consumer
  • helps businesses grow if people begin to prefer their company over others due to that relationship
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11
Q

What is global marketing?

A

Keeping a marketing strategy that is recognises globally and therefore creates a trademark for that company

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12
Q

Give an example of a company changing their marketing strategy to adapt to the culture of their consumer

A
  • Kit Kat adapted to Japans collectibles cultures and creates hundreds of new flavours
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13
Q

Give an example of a company changing their marketing strategy to adapt to the culture of their consumer

A
  • Kit Kat adapted to Japans collectibles cultures and creates hundreds of new flavours
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14
Q

What is consumption like globally?

A
  • highest demand for manufactured goods is in HIC’s
  • low imports in LIC’s
  • high demand for fuel in developing countries due to rapid industrialisation (BRIC)
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15
Q

What is the pattern of production like globally?

A
  • the EU and US mainly export agricultural products
  • China is the largest exporter of textiles
  • office and technology is mainly exported by NEE’s such as China and India (Chindia)
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16
Q

What are the 8 factors affecting globalisation?

A
  • financial systems
  • financial technologies
  • communication technologies
  • transporting goods
  • transporting people
  • management and information systems
  • security technologies
  • trade agreements
17
Q

How have financial systems affected globalisation?

A
  • people buy and sell stocks from global cooperations
  • countries borrow, lend and invest in other countries
18
Q

How have financial technologies affected globalisation?

A
  • people can create international bank accounts
  • remittance payments can be sent around the world easily
19
Q

How has the transport of goods affected globalisation?

A

Containerisation:
- allows large quantities of goods to be transported more efficiently
- can be moved between vehicles with much greater ease
- cheaper transportation since is takes a lot less time

Larger and faster aircrafts:
- more efficient and reduce costs
- accelerates globalisation

20
Q

How has the transport of people affected globalisation?

A

High speed rail
- connects countries in Europe to allow for quick and easy transport
- enables flows of labour and high rates of migration

Cheaper and faster airlines
- cheaper flights make it more accessible for everyone
- enables flows of labour
- people can travel internationally for much cheaper

21
Q

How have security technologies and systems affected globalisation?

A
  • stricter regulations on entering countries due to increased security threats as a result of globalisation
  • development of security technologies to tackle cyber security threats - advances in technology make it easier to pose threats from all around the world
  • international customs such as X-rays to trace suspicious objects
22
Q

How have communication technologies affected globalisation?

A
  • services can be accessed online or through the phone due to an increase in footloose industries
  • fibre optic connections has allowed flawless flows of information, services and capital
  • people can maintain relationships from around the world
23
Q

Name the 4 management systems for globalisation

A
  • economies of scale
  • outsourcing
  • offshoring
  • global supply chains
24
Q

What are global supply chains and why are they beneficial?

A
  • when the different factors of production are located in different countries
  • e.g manufacturing in China, extracting in India etc
  • minimises costs since each stage is specialised, which also saves time
25
Q

What is outsourcing and why is it beneficial?

A
  • hiring other companies to complete certain tasks
  • saves money when the outsourcing is done in low income countries due to lower labour costs
26
Q

How is outsourcing enabled further by globalisation?

A
  • communication technologies allow the companies to work with each other from across the world
27
Q

What is offshoring and how is it beneficial?

A
  • when a company relocates part of its process abroad
  • if the company relocates to a place with low labour costs or low taxes, they save money
28
Q

How is offshoring enabled by globalisation?

A
  • communication technologies and easier transport make the production process much more efficient
29
Q

How are global supply chains enabled by globalisation?

A
  • the ability to transport products quickly and cheaper means that the stages of production can be spread around the world
30
Q

How are global supply chains enabled by globalisation?

A
  • the ability to transport products quickly and cheaper means that the stages of production can be spread around the world
31
Q

What are economies of scale and why are they beneficial?

A
  • increasing profits by producing large amounts of a product in order to reduce costs
  • buying raw materials in bulk to lower costs
  • production lines can produce large amounts of goods for much cheaper, since there is less need for labour
32
Q

How have trade agreements enabled globalisation?

A
  • exports and imports between countries build international relationships
  • deepen globalisation since they make trade cheaper and easier
33
Q

Name and define 3 restrictions put on trade

A
  • tariffs - taxes on imports/exports
  • quotas - limits to how much of the good can be imported/exported
  • bans - not allowing the product to be imported/exported whatsoever
34
Q

What organisation overlooks all trade agreements?

A

WTO

35
Q

Give an example of a trade agreement and how it has benefited its members

A

NAFTA (North American free trade agreement)
- between the USA, Mexico and Canada
- lowered and removed tariffs in imports/exports between the countries

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