GSA, Vestibular/Auditory, Vision Flashcards by Cassie Baumgarten

Exteroception

ways that the nervous system receives information about the external environment

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What are examples of exteroception?

touch, temperature, paint, etc.

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Interoception

ways the nervous system receives information about the internal environment (GVA)

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Examples of interoception:

visceral pain, sensory for pain within body

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Proprioception

ways the n.s. receives info about the position and movement of teh body (where the limbs are in space)

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GVA (general visceral afferent)

sensory from autonomic ns

afferent info from teh viscera

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GSA (gneral sensory afferent: somatosensation(

Sensory from teh skin and skeletal mm

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What does GSA (somatosensation) sens?

touch, pain, temperautre, position of the body

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Mechanoreception

physical deformation

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Thermoreceptors

heat and cold

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nociceptors

noxious stimuli (potentially injurious)

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Photoreceptors

vision

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Chemoreceptors

chemical change (taste, smell, O2/CO2 in blood)

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Destinations for afferent neurons

cortex, cerembellum, individual spinal cord segments or ARAS

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ARAS

wakefulness- noxious stimulus that will help keep you awake

pinching urself to stay awake in lecture

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Divergence

same sensory info. sent to multiple destinations for different purposes

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Parallel processing

different aspects of the same sensory experience are perceived in different parts of the brain at the same time

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Receptors (receptor cell)

transduction of neuronal activity

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Action potentials in primary neuron

goes from periphery to CNS

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Axons ascend the to brain in somatosensory pathways in

fiber tracts

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Thalamus to the Cortex

relay processing point for all sensations destined for conscious perception
**Vision, audition, somatosensation

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Somatosensory inputs go to the (blank) thalamus and cortex

contralateral

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somatotopy

the spot in the brain corresponding to a specific area on the body

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Sensory pathways exhibit?

somatotopy

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The receptor density in the periphery is equal

to the amount of space in the thalamus and the cortex dedicated to that sensation (mapping)

Why does the startle reflex occur?

protection from physical impact, interrupt behavioral patterns, facilitate flight response

Where does the descending pathway of the startle reflex go to?

LMNs of skeletal muscles of limbs

What does the start reflex cause?

flexion of almost all skeletal muscle

Auditory pathway is responsible for?

conscious perception of sound

What is the auditory pathway?

1. cochlear nuclei 2. caudal colliculi 3. medial geniculate nucleus 4. auditory cortex for conscious perception of sound

conduction deafness

sound can't get from the ear to the vestibular window due to damage, disease or obstruction

Sensorineural deafness

sounds get to the vestibular window but can't transmit the sound to the auditory cortex --> damage to cochlea, cochlear neves or auditory cortex

Inherited deafness is classified as?

sensorineural deafness

What kind of testing can be done for congenital deafness?

BAER testing

Vestibular System is involved in?

motor pathways that are complex and concerned with maintaining a stable orientation to gravity and motion

The vestibular system is a special form of proprioception because

it is sense balance and acceleration which are varieties of body position

Vestibular nerve is formed by:

axons from the utricle, sacule and semicircular canals

Vestibular pathway

vestibular portions of CN VIII to vestibular nuclei in teh hind brain

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

When information goes from the vestibular nuclei to the motor nuclei of 3, 4, 6 for control of eye movements

Vestibular pathway effects what part of the brain for posture and balance modifications?

cerebellum

Vestibulo-spinal reflex involves

vestibular pathway and the trunk

Vestibulocollic reflexes involves

vestibular pathway and the head n neck

What does the thalamus coordinate for the vestibular pathway?

conscious perception of movements

What part of the vestibular pathway is involved with control of eye movement in response to vestibular input?

medial longitudinal fasciulus (in brain stem)

Vestibulo-ocular reflex is

the slow movement of the eyes as they catch up to teh movement of the head (tracking)

Are resting nystagmus or positional nystagmus a normal vestibulo-ocular reflex?

Estropia

crossed eyes can cause a type of physiological nystagmus in Siamese/Himalayan cats

Unilateral lesion | vestibulo-ocular reflex

one side fires and the other does not (partially or not at all )

Peripheral vestibular lesion

nystagmus is either horizontal or rotary and does NOT change in when the head position is changed

Central Vestibular Lesion

Horizontal, rotary, vertical and MAY change when patient is put into dorsal or lateral recumbency

Lesion to the vestibulo-collic reflex

decreased/absent firing ont eh side of the lesion, wit h the other side firing at a normal rate **head tilts TOWARDS the side of the lesion

Vestibulospinal Reflex prevents falling when

the head shifts in position

Vestibulospinal reflex lesion

patient only senses movement toward the intact side | **move balance towards the lesioned side

What are clinical signs of a vestibulospinal reflex lesion?

rolling, circle, leaning TOWARDS the side of the lesion

OS refers to

the left eye

OD refers to

the right eye

Prey animals eyes are located laterally for:

increased peripheral vision (poor depth perception) and decussation compared to predators

Where does the optic nerve go after they penetrate the optic disc?

optic nerve, optic chiasm, hypothalamus, lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectum, superior colliculus

Retinogeniculostriate pathway is involved in:

conscious perception of vision | - menace response pathway

Retinogeniculostriate pathway occurs via what nerve after optic nn?

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Retinopretectal Pathway is involved in which reflex?

PLR

Retinopretectal pathway occurs via what nerve?

pretectal nucleii

Retinotectal pathway occurs via which nerve?

rostral colliculi

Retinotectal pathway is involved in what reflex?

ocular fixation

Retinohypothalamic pathway is involved in

circadian rhythms

Retinohypothalamic pathway occurs via which nerve

suprachiasmatic nucleus

80% of your optic tract axons follow which nerve?

LGN in the thalamus

How do you test the retinogeniculostriate pathway?

maze, drop a cotton ball, roll ball, visual placement test, menace response

Retinopretectal pathway is going to synapse at the

rostral colliculus

The retinopretectal pathway after projecting on the rostral colliculus synapses on

teh edinger-westphal nucleus | **para nucleus of CN3

What kind of clinical sign is common with brainstem trauma?

pupillary abnormalities

What ocular pathway is involved processing visual information without conscious awareness (blindsight)?

Retinotectal pathway

What pathway is involved in reflex orientation of the eyes towards visually interesting stimuli?

Retinotectal pathway

From the rostral colliculi the retinotectal pathway nerves travel to

CN nuclei (3, 4, 6), spinal mm., thalamus and cerebellum

Which ocular pathway is involved in light input for circadian rhythm (photoperiod for breeding)

Retinohypothalamic pathway

In the retinohypothalamic pathway where to nerves travel to after optic n?

to teh superchiasmatic nucleus (craniomedial hypothalamus)

What is Horners?

Sympathetic denervaton

What causes horners (pre-ganglionic)?

neck trauma or disc rupture, brachial plexus avulsion, axillary lesion, cranial thoracic disease, neck tumor, traumatic venepuncture

What causes horners (post-ganglionic)?

otitis, orbital disease

What is the most common type of horners?

idiopathic