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RUSVM Gross Anatomy 2 > CNS Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

CNS Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cranium?

A

Surrounds the brain

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2
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

surrounds the spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the meninges?

A

The meninges are three connective tissue membranes that separate the soft tissue of the CNS from the surrounding bone

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4
Q

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

fills the subarachnoid space

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5
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

provides a cushion of protection around the CNS and nourishment for the neural tissues

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6
Q

What are the three meninge layers?

A

Dura mater- outer layer
Arachnoid- middle layer
Pia mater- inner layer

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7
Q

What meningeal layers make up the leptomeninges?

A

the arachnoid and pia mater

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8
Q

What are the functions of the meninges?

A
  1. production, circulation and reabsorption of CSF
  2. Conveys arterial vesselsinto nervous tissue and return of venous blood via dural sinuses
  3. Anchors the brain and spinal cord within the cranial and spinal cavities
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9
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

the periosteal and meningeal layer

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10
Q

Where is the periosteal layer of the dura mater?

A

outer layer, closest to the skull

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11
Q

Where is the meningeal layer of the dura mater?

A

inner layer, closely affiliated with the arachnoid layer

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12
Q

What is the function of dural reflections?

A

to stabilize the brain with in the cranium

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13
Q

What is the function of dural sinuses?

A

to reabsorb CSf and venous and blood

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14
Q

What meningeal layer is the highest level of the innervation?

A

dura mater

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15
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

The dural refleciton between the two cerebral hemispheres, within the mid-sagittal plane

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16
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

The transverse dural reflection between the cerebrum and cerebellum

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17
Q

What is an epidural hematoma?

A

When blood collects between the skull and dura mater.

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18
Q

what is a subdural hematoma?

A

when blood collects between teh dura mater and arachnoid space.

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19
Q

What can subdural and epidural hematomas cause?

A

can lead to neurological abnormalities associated with space occupying lesion or oxidative damage

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20
Q

What is a falcine herniation?

A

Where one cerebral hemisphere tries to sneak over to the opposite side

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21
Q

What is a calvarial brain herniation?

A

When there is herniation through the calvarium (skull cap) via fracture in the skull

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22
Q

What is a transtentorial brain herniation refer to?

A

relating to the tentorium cerebelli

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23
Q

What is a foramenal brain herniation refer to?

A

relating to the foramen magnum

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24
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

located between the arachnoid cellular layer and pia mater, contains CSf

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25
Q

What are arachnoid trabeculae?

A

Filaments that extend toward the pia mater from teh arachnoid cellular layer.

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26
Q

Where are the arachnoid trabeculae located?

A

In the subarachnoid space

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27
Q

What structure reabsorbes CSF from the subarachnoid space?

A

arachnoid villi

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28
Q

hwen does CSF reabsorption occur?

A

When pressure in the subarachnoid space is greater than pressure in the dural sinus

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29
Q

What are cisterns?

A

Regions of dilation of the subarachnoid space.

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30
Q

Where is the cerebellomedullary cistern located?

A

between the cerebellum and medulla oblongata, near the region of the foramen magnum
**can be used for CSF collection

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31
Q

Which meningeal layer follows the brains gryi and sulci as well as the arteries penetrating brain tissue?

A

pia mater

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32
Q

Pia mater capillaries project into brain ventricals to form

A

teh choroid plexuses

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33
Q

What kind of cells line pia mater capillaries, involved in CSf production?

A

ependymal cells

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34
Q

Where (location) is CSF produced?

A

in the brain ventricles via choroid plexuses and the central canal fo the spinal cord

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35
Q

Where does CSF Circulate?

A

in teh ventricular systema nd central canal

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36
Q

How does CSF enter the subarachnoid space?

A

Lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka)- openings of the 4th ventricle

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37
Q

Where are the lateral centricles located?

A

Within each cerebral hemisphere

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38
Q

How do the lateral ventricles communicate with third ventricle?

A

the interventricular foramen

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39
Q

how does the third ventricle communicate with the fourth ventricles?

A

mesencephalic aqueduct (cerebral aquaduct)

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40
Q

Where sit he fourth ventricles located?

A

Between the ponsa nd cerebellum, extends to teh medulla oblongata

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41
Q

What is the obex?

A

where the fourth ventrical is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

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42
Q

The spinal mengines consist of what layers?

A

teh three same layers as the cranial menginges: dura, arachnoid and pia

43
Q

Where is the epidural space of the spinal meninges?

A

between the dura and periosteal covering of the certebral canal

44
Q

What exists within the epidural space?

A

blood vessels and structural fat

45
Q

How does the spinal dura mater stabilize the spinal cord?

A

cranially is continuous with the occipital periosteum and caudally attaches to the caudal vertebrae

46
Q

Denticulate ligaments are part of which spinal meningeal layer?

A

pia mater

47
Q

What are teh denticulate ligaments?

A

segmental extension of the spinal pia mater that fuse with teh arachnoid/dural layers

48
Q

What laterally stabilizes the spinal cord?

A

teh denticulate ligaments

49
Q

What ist eh filum terminale?

A

a delicate strand of pia that extends from the conus medularis to its attachment at the caudal vertebrae

50
Q

What is the gray matter of brain tissue consist of?

A

cell bodies within nuclei and dendrites of neurons

51
Q

What is the white matter of brain tissue consist of?

A

axons within tracts, most of which are myelinnated

52
Q

Axon tracts allow?

A

for communication between different regions of the CNS

53
Q

The two hemispheres of the cerebrum communicate via which tract?

A

corpus callosum

54
Q

What are gyri?

A

elevated folds of the convolutions of the cerebrum

55
Q

what are sulci?

A

depressed grooves of the cerebrum

56
Q

The surface of the cerebrum is comprised of gray matter, referred to as

A

the cerebral cortex

57
Q

What are the three clusters of nuclei embedded deep wihtin teh white matter of the cerebrum (basal nuclei_

A

caudate nucelus, putamen, globus pallidus

58
Q

A lesion to the cerebrum can produce clinical signs associated with?

A

difficulty in initiating movement or abnormal delivery of movement (ie, Parkinsons in humans)

59
Q

The sensory fields of the cerebral cortex are involved in

A

perception of external stimuli

60
Q

The motor areas of the cerebral cortex are invovled in

A

movement of skeletal muslce

61
Q

The association areas of the cerebral cortex are involved in

A

integration of sensory info and planning of voluntary movement, memory, reasoning, verbalizing, judgement, and emotion

62
Q

What is the internal capsule of the cerebrum?

A

white matter of the cerebrum that contains specific tracts

63
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

posture and movement coordination

64
Q

How does the cerebellum communicate with other parts of the CNS?

A

Via three pair of nerve tracts called cerebellar peduncles

Rostral, caudal and Middle

65
Q

What are the four parts of teh brain stem?

A
  1. diencephalon
  2. mesencephalon
  3. pons
  4. medulla oblongata
66
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

67
Q

What makes up the mesencephalon?

A

corpora quadrigemina (rostral and caudal colliculus)

68
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

it is the relay center for all afferent (sensory) information except smell

69
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

homeostasis

70
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the pituitary gland?

A

via teh infundibulum

71
Q

What are the optic tracts/optic chiasm responsible for?

A

visual sensory

72
Q

What are the mammilary bodies of the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

the relay of information from the limbic system and emotion

73
Q

What is the function of the epiphysis (pineal gland)?

A

melatonin secretion, circadian rhythms, circannual rhytms and estrus

74
Q

What is the rostral colliculus responsible for?

A

visual reflexes

75
Q

What is the caudal colliculus responsible for?

A

auditory reflexes

76
Q

What are teh three regions of the cereral cortex?

A

Neocortex, paleocortex and archicortex

77
Q

What the function of the paleocortex of the cerebral cortex?

A

olfactory funciton

78
Q

What are the five cortical lobes?

A

occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal and piriform

79
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

conscious perception of visual infomration

80
Q

Where are voluntary and involuntary motor response to visual stimulation generated?

A

occipital lobe, cerebral cortex

81
Q

Lesions to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe can cause

A

cortical blindness

82
Q

Is PLR normal in a lesion to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe?

A

yes

83
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

conscious proprioception: perception of touch, pain, pressure, temperature and noxious stimuli

84
Q

What lobe is responsible for producing a 3D map of the body’s location in space and its relation to objects in that space?

A

parietal lobe

85
Q

Lesions to the parietal lobe cause

A

abnormalities in spatial perception or delayed intiation of postural reactions

86
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

voluntary motor functions, behavior and planning nad initation of movement

87
Q

Lesions to the frontal lobe cause

A

delay of movement initiation, changes in behavior and contralateral clinical signs

88
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

perception and interpretation of auditory infomration

89
Q

Will destruction of one auditory cortex produce deafness?

A

NO

90
Q

What is the function of the piriform lobe?

A

perception and interpretation of olfactory information

91
Q

Lesion to the piriform lobe can cause

A

reduce or loss of smell

92
Q

What lobe plays a major role in survival

A

piriform lobe

93
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Survival drive and emotion

94
Q

The limbic system is composed of:

A

hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus and thalamus

95
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

emotional memory, aggression

96
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

short term memory to long term

97
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

emotion

98
Q

How is the limbic system connected to the thalamus?

A

mammillothalamic tract

99
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for waking up teh cerebral cortex?

A

RAS of the thalamus

100
Q

What spp. is the rete mirabile present in?

A

cat, pig and ruminants

101
Q

Venous return from the brain via

A

the dural sinuses

102
Q

What is the primary blood supply to the spinal cord?

A

ventral spinal artery

103
Q

What is the secondary supply to the spinal cord?

A

dorsal spinal arteries

104
Q

Where is the internal certebral venous plexus located?

A

Within the epidural space

- risk for puncturing with CSF tap

RUSVM Gross Anatomy 2 (7 decks)

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