Growth of Ideas Flashcards
Renaissance
A period of time in history of Europe experienced the «rebirth» of classical knowledge and learning
Where did the renaissance start?
In the Italian city states
Humanist
A person who studies the interests, needs and welfare of humans
Humanists value the abilities and pontential of other humans
Who influenced the Humanists?
Humanists valued and studied and were inspired by the classical period in history
Valued and studied ancient Greek and Roman civilizations
What did the humanists believe in?
- Power of reason
- Open Mindedness
- Learning
- Multiple Talents
- Serving God
What did the power of reason mean for humanists?
They should think for themselves and find truth for themselves instead of accepting everything they’ve been told
What did open mindedness mean for humanists?
Should be open, curious and questioning
What did learning mean for humanists?
Humans can achieve great things through learning
What did multiple talents mean for humanists?
Humans should develop skills in different areas
Humans should develop their minds and bodies
What did serving god mean to the humanists?
Humans got their talents from god so they should use their talents to celebrate god
Francesco Petrarch
Humanist
A philosopher who believed that the classical past was too more superior than the medieval world which he called «dark ages»
Collected old books and manuscripts
Made copies and translations of them to make available
Who would pay money for artists’ work?
They would pay large amounts of money
The wealthy patrons like
Merchants
Government officials
Catholic church
What would artists paint?
Since there were no photographs
Artists would paint loved ones and were commissioned to paint peoples loved ones
Displayed in private homes and public places
What is the difference between artists in the medieval times vs the renaissance?
In the medieval times they were skilled labourers but in the renaissance master artists
Artists would begin to sign the work to be recognized for their accomplishments
Medieval paintings were more unrealistic than renaissance paintings
In what areas did the humanist beliefs affect society?
Arts: huge resurgence of art
Science
Religion
What would renaissance paintings reflect?
Humanists ideals:
Beauty
Individuality
The present world
Realism
Nature
Human achievement
Who would collect the paintings made by artists?
The royalty and nobility
They would collect writings, paintings and sculptures
What added prestige to the courts of the renaissance?
The nobility and royalty would often invite artists to stay for a visit at court or as a permanent employee
This added prestige to their courts and attracted other important humanists looking for work
In what ways did humanists change the worldview of science?
At the beginning of the renaissance people were discouraged from asking questions, studying the natural world and conducting experiments
After/ During the humanists people were encouraged to read more and ask questions and perform experiments
This rose the scientific method which promoted investigation and questioning minds
Why did science not fit well with the church?
A lot of science went against the church
Results led to being burnt alive
Example: Galileo said the sun is the center of the earth, aristotle said that the earth is the center
What is the scientific method?
- Identify a problem
- Gather information about the problem
- Form a hypothesis
- Experiment to test your hypothesis
- Analyze test results
- State a conclusion
- Repeat the process
What did Copernicus change?
The earth wasn’t the center of the universe anymore
Galileo, Kepler and Copernicus proved that the sun is the center of the solar system
What did Nicolaus Copernicus do?
He studied the ideas of ancient greek
He claimed that earth is a planet that revolves around the sun
What did Johannes Kepler do?
He studied Copernicus ideas
He determined planets have an elliptical (oval) orbit not a perfect circular orbit
What did Galileo Galilei do?
He built telescopes to study the objects in the sky
He was the first to see that Copernicus was right about a sun centered universe
He saw
Sun spots
Craters
Mountains in the moon
Stars
Moons of Jupiter
How was the church before the renaissance?
They were the most powerful institution in Europe
Involved in all aspects of society
Many church leaders were very wealthy growing corrupt and abusive
Tension in the lower classes grew
What happened to Savonarola?
He was a monk in Florence who accused the pope of being corrupt
He believed the wigs makeup and other nonsense were distractions keeping people away from god
He then held the Bonfire of the Vanities where people would burn their materials possessions (wigs, etc.)
Formed a council against the pope
The pope charged him of excommunication and heresy and was to be burned at the stake
Excommunication
An official exclusion from the church
You weren’t allowed to participate in the church or go to church
Can’t go to heaven after death
Heresy
Opposing church teachings
Would result in being killed
What did Martin Luther do?
He was a german monk who used humanist thinking to examine the bible
He claimed that the bible should be the christian’s spiritual guide not the pope
Was against the church’s indulgences
Indulgences
Certificates sold by the church for profit that reduced the amount of time your in pergetory
Basically buying your way out of hell
Reduced the amount of sins people would be punished for
What did the pope do about Martin Luther?
He sent him a bull to stop what he’s doing which Luther burned
Martin was called to an Imperial Diet (court) to take back his complaints
Protestants took Martin into hiding
This movement was called the Protestant Reformation
Bull
An official order from the pope
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther started it
His followers were called protestants
They would go against the teachings of the church
Catholic counter reformation
The church lost a lot of people due to the protestant reformation
Pope called a series of meetings which the church examined its policies
What was the result of the Catholic Counter Reformation
Corruption in the high clergy was taken care of
Priests were given better education
New religious orders were made resulting in missionaries like the Jesuits who would convert the First Nations in North America
Why didn’t the gap between the rich and poor close in the Renaissance?
Most cities stayed monarchies
Most were still illiterate people
Who invented the printing press?
Johannesburg Gutenberg
What year was the printing press made in?
1450
Where was the printing press made in?
Mainz, Germany
How did the printing press effect knowledge?
Literacy rates increased in the middle class in Europe
Books were translated and printed in multiple languages
What effect did the printing press have on economy?
Book could be printed quicker making them affordable
Print shops were a new industry with new jobs
Authors could make money by writing and selling books
What effect did the printing press have on society?
People in lower classes would become more educated if they could, joining the middle class
What was it like before the printing press?
Only the rich and clergy could read and write
Books were usually written in Latin or Greek
Books were very expensive because they were copied by hand
