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Coovadias Paediatrics > Growth and development > Flashcards

Growth and development Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate growth from development

A 
Growth = increase in size, composition and distribution of tissues
Development = increase in complexity of structures and their functions
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2
Q

What is a growth spurt?

A

Increase in growth velocity

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3
Q

What is a milestone?

A

The usual age at which the ability to perform a specific activity is achieved

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4
Q

What is bone age?

A

The measurement of osseous maturation in long bones

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5
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a newborn

A

Ventral suspension
Head droops, limbs flexed, limbs hang dowanwards
Moro reflex
Palmar/plantar grasp reflexes

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6
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a newborn

A

Hands fisted

Closes eyes to bright lights

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7
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a newborn

A

Stills to sound

Startles to sudden loud noises

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8
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a newborn

A

Alternates between drowsiness and alert wakefulness

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9
Q

Name the milestone warning signs of a newborn

A

Hypertonia/hypotonia
Assym reflexes
Excessive head lag
Poor sucking

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10
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 6 week old

A 
Some head control
Prone
Head to side, buttocks moderately high
Moro reflex
Ventral suspension
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11
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 6 week old

A

Stares

Follows horizontally to 90 degrees

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12
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 6 week old

A

Startle response

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13
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 6 week old

A

Smiles at mother

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14
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 3 month old

A 
Pull-to-sit
Little/no head lag
Prone
Support on forearms
Lifts head
Buttocks flat
Rolls over
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15
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 3 month old

A

Follows through 180 degrees

Holds rattle when placed in hand

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16
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 3 month old

A

Coos

Chuckles

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17
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 3 month old

A

Excited to see mother

Reacts to familiar situations

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18
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 6 month old

A 
Pull-to-sit
Braces shoulders and pulls to sit
Sits with support, prone
Lifts head and chest well up
Supports on extended arms
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19
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 6 month old

A

Reaches for and grasps toy

Transfers toy from one hand to another

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20
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 6 month old

A

Initiates conversation

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21
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 6 month old

A

Takes everything to mouth

Responds to mirror image

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22
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 9 month old

A

Sits without support
Crawls on hands and knees
Pulls to stand

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23
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 9 month old

A

Immediately reaches out

Holds cube in each hand

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24
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 9 month old

A

Vocalises deliberately

Babbles

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25
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 9 month old

A

Stranger anxiety

Holds bottle/cup

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26
Q

Name the milestone warning signs in a 6 week old

A 
No visual fixation or following
Assym of tone/movement
Floppy, excessive head lag
Failure to smile
Poor sucking
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27
Q

Name the milestone warning signs in a 6 month old

A 
Floppiness
Failure to use both hands
Squint
Failure to turn to sound
Poor response to people
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28
Q

Name the milestone warning signs in a 9 month old

A 
Unable to sit
Hand preference
Fisting
Squint
Persistence of primitive reflexes
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29
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 10 month old

A

Pulls to stand

Walks with assistance

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30
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 10 month old

A

Picks up small object between thumb and index finger

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31
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 10 month old

A

Shakes head for no

Waves bye bye

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32
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 10 month old

A

Plays peek-a-boo with mother

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33
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 12 month old

A

Bear walks
Walks around furniture lifting one foot and stepping sideways
May walk alone

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34
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 12month old

A

Pincer grasp

Releases object on request

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35
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 12 month old

A

Knows own name

2-3 words with meaning

36
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 12month old

A

Finger feeds

Pushes arms into sleeves

37
Q

Name the milestone warning signs in a 12 month old

A

Unable to sit or bear weight
Abnormal grasp
Failure to respond to sound

38
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 15 month old

A

Walks alone
Uneven steps
Arms out for balance

39
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 15 month old

A

2-cube tower

40
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 15 month old

A

Jabbers with expression

41
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 15 month old

A

Holds and drinks from cup

Attempts feeding with spoon (spills most)

42
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 18 month old

A 
Walks well
Arms down
Pulls a toy
Throws a ball
Climbs on chair
43
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 18 month old

A

3-cube tower

Scribbles

44
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 18 month old

A

2-word utterances

45
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 18 month old

A

Handles spoon and cup

Indicates wet nappy

46
Q

Name the milestone warning signs in a 18 month old

A 
Failure to walk
No pincer grip
Inability to understand simple commands
No spontaneous vocalisation
Mouthing
Drooling
47
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 24 month old

A

Runs
Up and down steps
2 feet per step

48
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 24 month old

A

6-cube tower
Train with cubes
Imitates vertical line
Hand preference obvious

49
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 24 month old

A

Short phrases

Uses pronouns

50
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 24 month old

A

Spoon feeds w/o spilling

Clean and dry by day

51
Q

Name the milestone warning signs in a 24 month old

A

Unable to understand simple commands
Tremor
Incoordination

52
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 36 month old

A 
Rides a tricycle
Up steps (one foot)
Down steps (2 feet)
53
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 36 month old

A

9-cube tower
Bridge with cubes
Copies circle

54
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 36 month old

A

Knows name and sex

Talks incessantly

55
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 36 month old

A

Toilet trained

Dresses w/o supervision

56
Q

Name the milestone warning signs in a 36 month old

A

Ataxia

Using single words only

57
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 48 month old

A

Up and down stairs (1 foot per step)
Stands on one foot for 3-5s
Hops on preferred foot

58
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 48 month old

A

Copies cross

Gate with cubes

59
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 48 month old

A

Full name
Home address
Age
Recognises colours

60
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 48 month old

A

Eats with spoon and fork
Washes and dries hands
Dresses and undresses
Make-believe play

61
Q

Name the milestone warning signs in a 48 month old

A

Speech difficult to understand (poor articulation, omission, substitution of consonants)

62
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 60 month old

A

Walks easily on narrow line

Can hop on each foot seperately

63
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 60 month old

A

6-10 cube steps
Copies square + triangle
Draws a man with full features

64
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 60 month old

A

Fluent speech
Full name
Age

65
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 60 month old

A

Uses knife and fork
Undresses and dresses alone
Chooses own friends

66
Q

Name the milestone warning signs in a 60 month old

A

Emotional immaturity

67
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 72 month old

A

Sits up without help of hands

Walks backward alone straight line

68
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 72 month old

A

10 cube steps

Copies diamond + rectangle

69
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 72 month old

A

Word definition
Compositions
Knows birthday, address

70
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 72 month old

A

Cooperatively play
Leadership
Division of labour

71
Q

Name the milestone warning signs in a 72 month old

A

Clumsy
Poor posture
Stutters

72
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 7-8 year old

A

Jumps 25cm feet together
Throws ball
Catches ball

73
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 7-8 year old

A 
Writes name
Draws person (facial features + limbs correct, align to body + hands)
74
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 7-8 year old

A

Sentences of 10 syllables

75
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 7-8 year old

A

One special friend

Dresses + undresses completely w/o help

76
Q

Name the milestone warning signs in a 7-8 year old

A

Poor pencil grip

77
Q

Name the gross motor milestones of a 9-10 year old

A

Runs downstairs

78
Q

Name the fine motor milestones of a 9-10 year old

A

3 word sentences

79
Q

Name the hearing and speech milestones of a 9-10 year old

A

Produce all speech sounds including s, z and ng

80
Q

Name the personal/social milestones of a 9-10 year old

A

Takes full responsibility for personal care

81
Q

Name the milestone warning signs in a 9-10 year old

A

Speech sound difficulty

82
Q

What are the 3 events of puberty?

A

Hormonal changes
Appearance of secondary sex characteristics
Change of growth velocity

83
Q

Explain the tanner staging of male genital development

A

1 - testes, scrotum and penis of same size and proportions of early childhood
2 - enlargement of scrotum and testes, scrotum skin reddens and changes texture
3 - lengthening of penis and further growth of scrotum and testes
4 - increase in penis width, development of glans, scrotum darkens
5 - adult size and shaped genitalia

84
Q

Explain the tanner staging of male and female pubic hair

A

1 - no pubic hair
2 - sparse growth of slightly pigmented downy hair at base of penis
3 - hair darker, coarser, more curled spreading sparsely over pubic junction
4 - hair is adult in type but covers smaller area w/ no spread to medial surface of thights
5 -

85
Q

Explain the tanner staging of female breast development

A

1 - elevation of papilla
2 - elevation of breast and papilla (breast buds) and areola enlargment
3 - further elevation of breast and areola
4 - projection of areola and papilla above breast level
5 - projection of papilla alone with recession of areola

86
Q

What is the normal process of pubertal events?

A

Typically sequential, beginning with
thelarche and followed by adrenarche (production of
androgens), pubarche (pubic hair growth), a growth spurt, and finally menses.

Coovadias Paediatrics (10 decks)

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