Growth and Development Flashcards
What are the ages for a baby and infant? What are the ages for childhood?
baby = 0-1 years infant = 0-2 years childhood = 0-10 years
What are the ages for early, middle and late adolescence?
Early adolescence- 11-13 years
Middle adolescence- 14-17 years
Late adolescence- 18-21 years
What is the significance of the 1001 critical days?
The importance between conception and 2 years for building optimal security and healthy brain environment
What happens to the baby’s brain from birth to 1 year of age?
Increase in weight from 400g to 1000g - caused by myelination and synaptogenesis
Which part of the brain matures almost completely post natally?
Orbitofrontal regions
What is the experience-expectant mechanism?
Environmental input that all members of a species experience, which play a necessary part in organising the developing nervous system/synaptogenesis
Unique experiences of each baby produce distinctive wiring of their brain, allows child to adapt to specific features of the individual environment they inhabit
What is the experience-expectant mechanism dependent on?
Relationship between the dyad
Give an example of the experience-expectant mechanis.
Visual cortex - expects to be exposed to light and patterned visual information and needs this experience for normal development
When do the anterior and posterior fontanelles close?
Anterior fontanelle = 18 months
Posterior fontanelle = 2-3 months
What is attachment?
Bio-behavioural mechanism that is activated by anxiety and the key role is to reduce stress and restore security
Give examples of domains that securely attached infants have optimal functioning across. (e.g. emotional)
Emotional social behavioural adjustment school achievement peer-related social status
By about 3 months, what does the infant experience?
First ‘true’ emotional reactions based on subjective experience (psycho-physiological rather than just purely physiological)
What is emotional regulation and why is self-regulation important?
The process by which the levels of +ve and -ve emotions are kept within bounds, so they are registered as not overwhelming.
Provides the foundation one’s ability to function in society
What is the study of self-regulation in children called?
DeGangi’s (2017)
What are some of the big development theories?
Stage theories Piaget's cognitive development Sensori-motor (0-2 yrs) DeGangi's emotional regulation Erickson's psychosocial Trust vs Mistrust (0-2 yrs) Attachment theory
What is the ‘Rouge test’?
Self-awareness test
Dot is places on child;s head
Younger children do not make a connection between their reflection and themselves
After 18 months, child has ability to recognise themselves
What are the three dimensions of interactional behaviour to keep in mind when observing parent-infant interaction? (hint: EPG)
1) Engagement - Overintrusiveness to unengagement
2) Predictability - consistency
3) Genuineness - true to false and deceptive effect
What are the body proportions of growth?
At birth the head is disproportionately large- 25% of the body’s total length and body weight
Adult - head is 6% of body weight
What is the difference between the cephalocaudal and centrifugal principles?
General pattern of physical and functional development:
Cephalocaudal - Head to toe
Centrifugal - Proximal to distal limb
What are the core purposes of the Healthy Child Programme? (hint: 4)
Assess growth and development
Detect abnormalities
Assess family strengths, needs and risks
Give mothers and fathers the opportunity to discuss concerns etc
What are the physical parameters of growth?
Weight
Length (0-2 yrs)
Height (2+ yrs)
Head circumference - occipito-frontal (OFC)
All babies, usually loose weight post birth, how many and how quick do they regain their birth weight?
80% will regain their birth weight by 2 weeks of age
Where are growth charts stored?
In the parent health child health record (PHCHR)
When would you refer babies for crossing centiles?
Refer babies who have fallen through/across 2 centiles
How do you measure body length for 0-2 year olds and post 2 year olds?
0-2 yrs Placing in recumbent position Measure from crown to heel 2+ yrs Shoeless, standing using a stadiometer Heels and back touching the wall
What is the National Child Measurement Programme? (NCMP)
Public health programme
Provides data for child excess weight indicators in the PHO framework
Gov’s approach to tackling child obesity
First height and weight taken in school at 4-5 yrs
What are the developmental domains from birth to 5yrs? (Sheriden)
Posture and large movements (Gross motor)
Vision and fine movements (Fine motor)
Hearing and speech
Social behaviour and play
What should be completed by parents prior to developmental reviews (9 months and 2 years)? What does it entail?
Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Communication Gross motor skills Fine motor skills Problem solving Personal social skills
If developmental delay is seen, what domains should be explored? (along a physical exam)
Perinatal - deliver? pre-mature?
Family - genetics
Environmental - experiences
