Growth and Development

Question 1

What are the 4 key components of development?

Answer 1

physical: muscles, bones, energy systems, nervous system
cognitive: ability to process information, self-awareness
social: development of relationships, peers, relatives, co-workers, etc.
emotional: ability to manage and regulate emotions

Question 2

What are the 3 ways to measure age?

Answer 2

chronological age, skeletal age, developmental age

Question 3

What is skeletal age and how can it lack?

Answer 3

age measured in the physical maturity of the skeleton (degree of ossification of the bones), can lack due to diet, disease and/or injury

Question 4

What is developmental age?

Answer 4

the interaction between physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development, and the ability to perform certain tasks

Question 5

What are critical periods?

Answer 5

periods during which our bodies are more prepared to develop

Question 6

What is peak height velocity?

Answer 6

measure of the maximum rate of growth (in height) during a growth spurt

Question 7

What is proximodistal sequence?

Answer 7

body movements that originate closer to the centre of the body develop first

Question 8

What is cephalocaudal sequence?

Answer 8

develop first in the brain/skull, then in the heart&organs, then in the limbs

Question 9

What are the 4 stages of growth?

Answer 9

infancy, childhood, puberty/adolescence, adulthood

Question 10

What are the characteristics of infancy?

Answer 10

ages 0-3, head and chest grow rapidly, bones harden, muscles develop, weight x300%, height x50%, refining simple motor skills

Question 11

What are the characteristics of childhood?

Answer 11

ages 4-10, wide range of sizes/abilities/developmental levels, uniform relationship between bone and tissue growth

Question 12

What are the characteristics of puberty/adolescence?

Answer 12

ages 11-18, growth spurt, pubic hair, bodily developments, hormone production (pituitary gland), sex drive

Question 13

What are the characteristics of adulthood?

Answer 13

ages 19+, possible weight gain, reduced capacity to utilize oxygen, weakening of stress-bearing joints, increase in blood pressure and resting heart rate

Question 14

What are the 5 factors affecting physical development & examples?

Answer 14

1. glandular and hormonal activity (endocrine system and pituitary gland)
2. heredity (height, muscularity, etc)
3. nutrition (overeating - obesity, type 2 diabetes, or inadequate eating - reduced growth)
4. physical activity (limiting sedentary activity)
5. sociocultural factors (morals, values, customs, etc)

Question 15

Describe the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s model of Cognitive Human Development

Answer 15

ages 0-2, object permanence, understanding of the world through sensory/physical experimentation

Question 16

Describe the preoperational stage of Piaget’s model of Cognitive Human Development

Answer 16

ages 2-7, language through symbols, growth in memory and imagination

Question 17

Describe the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s model of Cognitive Human Development

Answer 17

ages 7-11, ordering and classifying by appearance, empathy, simplistic understanding of math/physics/geometry

Question 18

Describe the formal operational stage of Piaget’s model of Cognitive Human Development

Answer 18

ages 11-15, logical thinking, drawing conclusions

Question 19

How does physical activity benefit cognitive development?

Answer 19

increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, stimulates birth of new neurons, increases brain plasticity

Question 20

What is activity modification?

Answer 20

designing movement based activities that are developmentally appropriate, more likely to result in a positive experience