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Grade 12 Kinesiology Exam > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • delivery of oxygen, fuel, nutrients
  • removal of CO2 and waste products from the body
  • maintenance of a constant body temperature
  • prevention of infection
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2
Q

What is myocardium?

A

specialized muscle tissue that forms the heart (cardiac muscle)

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3
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

circulation of deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body (right side of the heart)

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4
Q

What is systematic circulation?

A

circulation of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body (left side of the heart)

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5
Q

What are arteries?

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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6
Q

What are veins?

A

blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

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7
Q

What are arterioles?

A

blood vessels that branch out from arteries and lead to capillaries for gas exchange

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8
Q

What are capillaries?

A

the smallest of blood vessels, help to enable the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other nutrients/waste substances between blood and tissues of the body

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9
Q

What are venules?

A

small veins collecting blood from the capillaries

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10
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

tough, loosely fitting protective sac that fits over the heart to allow for expansion/contraction

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11
Q

Name the layers of the heart from outside to inside.

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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12
Q

What are the upper chambers of the heart?

A

atriums

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13
Q

What are the lower chambers of the heart?

A

ventricles

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14
Q

What is syncytium and what controls it?

A

when cardiac muscles all contract with electrical stimulation, coordinated by the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node

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15
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

blood flow to the section of the heart is blocked due to plaque buildup

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16
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

any disease associated with the cardiovascular system

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17
Q

Why is the heart considered a “double pump”?

A

it is separated by the inter-ventricular septum

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18
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

the system of vessels that supply essential materials via blood to the heart muscle

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19
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A

supply blood via left and right coronary arteries, then divide and decrease in size (arterioles) supplying blood to all regions of myocardium

20
Q

What are coronary veins?

A

formed from coronary venules coming together, combine to form coronary sinus and drain into the right atrium, completing the path of blood

21
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries resulting from the accumulation of plaque on the lining of the blood vessels

22
Q

What are the causes of atherosclerosis?

A

smokings, elevated blood lipids, hypertension, family history, physical inactivity

23
Q

What is the order of blood circulation, starting in the right atrium?

A

right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, superior/inferior vena cava

24
Q

How do the volume and % of blood flow change in the brain when moving from resting to maximal exercise?

A 
volume = constant
% = decreases
25
Q

How do the volume and % of blood flow change in the heart when moving from resting to maximal exercise?

A 
volume = increases
% = constant
26
Q

How do the volume and % of blood flow change in the muscle when moving from resting to maximal exercise?

A 
volume = dramatic increase
% = dramatic increase
27
Q

How do the volume and % of blood flow change in the digestive system when moving from resting to maximal exercise?

A 
volume = decreases
% = decreases
28
Q

How do the volume and % of blood flow change in the skin when moving from resting to maximal exercise?

A

volume = increases (rest-light exercise)
decreases (light-maximal exercise)
% = decreases

29
Q

How do the volume and % of blood flow change in other areas when moving from resting to maximal exercise?

A 
volume = increases
% = decreases
30
Q

What are the 3 main systems used to return blood back to the heart?

A

skeletal muscle pump, thoracic pump, nervous system

31
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump return blood to the heart?

A

each contraction of the skeletal muscle increases pressure within the veins and pushes blood through the one-way valves

32
Q

How does the thoracic pump return blood to the heart?

A

with each breath taken, pressure in the chest and veins within it is decrease, whereas pressure in the abdominal cavity and the veins in it increase, the difference in pressure pushing the blood to the heart

33
Q

How does the nervous system return blood to the heart?

A

when cardiac activity needs to be increased, the nervous system sends a signal to the veins causing them to constrict, increasing pressure and helping to return the blood to the heart

34
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

the volume of blood that is pumped out of the heart in one minute (stroke volume x heart rate)

35
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

the amount of blood that is ejected from the left ventricle in a single beat

36
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

the proportion of blood ejected from the left ventricle during a single heartbeat

37
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

the series of events that occur during one heartbeat, diastole and systole

38
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

the maximum pressure observed in the arteries during the contraction phase of the ventricle

39
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

the minimum pressure observed in the arteries during the relaxation phase of the ventricle

40
Q

What is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure (greater than 140/90)

41
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, plate;ets

42
Q

What is the difference between diastole and systole phases?

A

diastole - phase of relaxation, the heart fills with blood

systole - phase of contraction, the heart ejects blood

43
Q

What is plasma?

A

fluid component of blood, many dissolved substances such as nutrients, ions, gases, proteins, etc

44
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

A

transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste

45
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

destroy foreign elements (immune system)

46
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

regulate blood clotting

Grade 12 Kinesiology Exam (6 decks)

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