Growth. adaptations

Question 1

it involves activation of gene, synthesis of protein and production of organelles

Answer 1

Hypertrophy

Question 2

increase in the production of new cells

Answer 2

Hyperplasia

Question 3

all of the following can undergo hyperplasia except:
a. cardiac
b. skeletal
c. muscle
d. nerves

Answer 3

c. muscle

Question 4

which of the following is not a physiologic example of hyperplasia
a. pubertal breast changes (hormonal)
b. liver regeneration (compensatory)
c. endometrial hyperplasia (hormonal)
d. NOTA

Answer 4

C

Question 5

all of the following are the causes of hypertrophy except
a. gene activation
b. protein synthesis
c. production of organelles
d. NOTA

Answer 5

D

Question 6

all of the following are causes of atrophy except
a. autophagy
b. ubiquitin-proteosome degradation
c. either of the choices
d. neither of the two

Answer 6

c

Question 7

true or false:
dysplasia change in stress in organ leads to change in cell type.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

true or false
Barrett Esophagus is an example of metaplasia where simple squamous epithelium shifts to Pseudostratified columnar epithelium when gastric acids reaches the lower portion of the esophagus

Answer 8

True

Question 9

all of the following are irreversible except:
a. dysplasia
b. atrophy
c. hyperplasia
d. hypertrophy

Answer 9

a

Question 10

all of the following are causes of cellular injury except:
a. inflammation
b.nutritional imbalances
c. loss of oxygen in the cell
d. trauma
e. blebbing of plasma membrane
f.genetic mutations

Answer 10

E

Question 11

low O2 delivery to tissue/cell

Answer 11

hypoxia

Question 12

ischemia occurs when there is low blood 02. eventually leads to Increase NA pump.
a. 1st statement is true
b. 2nd statement is true
c. both are true
d. both are false

Answer 12

d

Question 13

true or false
Increase in anaerobic glycolysis leads to clumping of nuclear chromatin

Answer 13

true

Question 14

initial phase of injury is reversible. eventually, damage becomes irreversible when the extent of injury reach the plasma membrane, mitochondria and lysosomes.
a. 1st statement is true
b. 2nd statement is true
c. both are true
d. both are false

Answer 14

c

Question 15

true or false
influx of ions due to failure of energy dependent ion pumps and membrane blebs, myelin figures mitochondria and ER swell leads to cellular swelling

Answer 15

true

Question 16

all of the following are the patterns of reversible cell injury except:
1. generalized swelling of the cell membrane
2. blabbing of the plasma membrane
3. detachment of ribosomes from ER
4. clumping of nuclear chromatin

a. only 1
b. 1,2,3
c. 1 and 2
d. none of the above

Answer 16

d

Question 17

seen in cell dependent of fat metabolism

Answer 17

fatty change

Question 18

true or false
morphologic hallmark of cell death is loss of nucleus

Answer 18

true

Question 19

pyknosis happens when the DNA is broken down by endonuclease, fragments are formed. the nucleus becomes eosinophilic.
a. 1st statement is true
b. 2nd statement is true
c. both are true
d. both are false

Answer 19

a

Question 20

true or false
in karyolysis, the pyknotic nucleus may undergo lysis by the enzyme DNAse

Answer 20

true

Question 21

in necrosis, the cell size is enlarge. plasma membrane is disrupted.
a. 1st statement is true
b. 2nd statement is true
c. both are true
d. both are false

Answer 21

c

Question 22

all of the following are true regarding changes inside the necrotic cell.
1. ER is disorganized
2. ribosomes are shed off
3. rupture of the membrane
4. blabbing of membrane

a. 1,2
b.only 1
c. 123
d. all of the above

Answer 22

c

Question 23

all of the following are true regarding changes in the mitochondria of necrotic cell.
1. become more opaque
2. become swollen
3. loss of granules
4. loss of cristae and change in their shape
5. rupture of the outer membrane of the mitochondria

a. all of the above
b. 1,2,3,4
c. 2,3,4,5
d. only 1

Answer 23

c

Question 24

enumerate all the special type of necrosis

Answer 24

Coagulative
Caseous
liquefactive

Question 25

this type of necrosis often happen in solid organs such as heart, liver and adrenals

Answer 25

coagulative necrosis

Question 26

tissue turns into viscous fluid and enzymatic lysis of cells and protein

Answer 26

liquefactive necrosis

Question 27

what fungus causes caseous necrosis?

Answer 27

aspergillus

Question 28

soft, friable necrotic tissue with “cottage cheese like” appearance.

Answer 28

caseous necrosis

Question 29

in the histologic examination of this necrosis, basophilic calcium deposits are seen.

Answer 29

fat necrosis

Question 30

necrotic damage to blood vessel wall

Answer 30

fibrinoid necrosis

Question 31

all of the following are causes of gangrene
1. arterial obstruction
2. infection
3. inflammation
4. trauma
5. physical agents

a. 1, 2, 4
b only 5
c.1234
d. 1245

Answer 31

d

Question 32

dry gangrene is also known as not true gangrene. necrotic area becomes black due to breakdown of Hgb and Iron sulfide.
a. 1st statement is true
b. 2nd statement is true
c. both are true
d. both are false

Answer 32

c

Question 33

gas gangrene is caused by?

Answer 33

anaerobic gram positive bacteria

Question 34

apoptosis id mediated by
1. activate protease
2. activate endonuclease

a. 1
b. 2
c. either of the two
d. neither of the two

Answer 34

c

Question 35

materials from external environment are taken up through the process of endocytosis

Answer 35

heterophagy

Question 36

energy dependent program cell death

Answer 36

apoptosis