Growth. adaptations Flashcards
it involves activation of gene, synthesis of protein and production of organelles
Hypertrophy
increase in the production of new cells
Hyperplasia
all of the following can undergo hyperplasia except:
a. cardiac
b. skeletal
c. muscle
d. nerves
c. muscle
which of the following is not a physiologic example of hyperplasia
a. pubertal breast changes (hormonal)
b. liver regeneration (compensatory)
c. endometrial hyperplasia (hormonal)
d. NOTA
C
all of the following are the causes of hypertrophy except
a. gene activation
b. protein synthesis
c. production of organelles
d. NOTA
D
all of the following are causes of atrophy except
a. autophagy
b. ubiquitin-proteosome degradation
c. either of the choices
d. neither of the two
c
true or false:
dysplasia change in stress in organ leads to change in cell type.
False
true or false
Barrett Esophagus is an example of metaplasia where simple squamous epithelium shifts to Pseudostratified columnar epithelium when gastric acids reaches the lower portion of the esophagus
True
all of the following are irreversible except:
a. dysplasia
b. atrophy
c. hyperplasia
d. hypertrophy
a
all of the following are causes of cellular injury except:
a. inflammation
b.nutritional imbalances
c. loss of oxygen in the cell
d. trauma
e. blebbing of plasma membrane
f.genetic mutations
E
low O2 delivery to tissue/cell
hypoxia
ischemia occurs when there is low blood 02. eventually leads to Increase NA pump.
a. 1st statement is true
b. 2nd statement is true
c. both are true
d. both are false
d
true or false
Increase in anaerobic glycolysis leads to clumping of nuclear chromatin
true
initial phase of injury is reversible. eventually, damage becomes irreversible when the extent of injury reach the plasma membrane, mitochondria and lysosomes.
a. 1st statement is true
b. 2nd statement is true
c. both are true
d. both are false
c
true or false
influx of ions due to failure of energy dependent ion pumps and membrane blebs, myelin figures mitochondria and ER swell leads to cellular swelling
true
all of the following are the patterns of reversible cell injury except:
1. generalized swelling of the cell membrane
2. blabbing of the plasma membrane
3. detachment of ribosomes from ER
4. clumping of nuclear chromatin
a. only 1
b. 1,2,3
c. 1 and 2
d. none of the above
d
seen in cell dependent of fat metabolism
fatty change
true or false
morphologic hallmark of cell death is loss of nucleus
true
pyknosis happens when the DNA is broken down by endonuclease, fragments are formed. the nucleus becomes eosinophilic.
a. 1st statement is true
b. 2nd statement is true
c. both are true
d. both are false
a
true or false
in karyolysis, the pyknotic nucleus may undergo lysis by the enzyme DNAse
true
in necrosis, the cell size is enlarge. plasma membrane is disrupted.
a. 1st statement is true
b. 2nd statement is true
c. both are true
d. both are false
c
all of the following are true regarding changes inside the necrotic cell.
1. ER is disorganized
2. ribosomes are shed off
3. rupture of the membrane
4. blabbing of membrane
a. 1,2
b.only 1
c. 123
d. all of the above
c
all of the following are true regarding changes in the mitochondria of necrotic cell.
1. become more opaque
2. become swollen
3. loss of granules
4. loss of cristae and change in their shape
5. rupture of the outer membrane of the mitochondria
a. all of the above
b. 1,2,3,4
c. 2,3,4,5
d. only 1
c
enumerate all the special type of necrosis
Coagulative
Caseous
liquefactive
this type of necrosis often happen in solid organs such as heart, liver and adrenals
coagulative necrosis
tissue turns into viscous fluid and enzymatic lysis of cells and protein
liquefactive necrosis
what fungus causes caseous necrosis?
aspergillus
soft, friable necrotic tissue with “cottage cheese like” appearance.
caseous necrosis
in the histologic examination of this necrosis, basophilic calcium deposits are seen.
fat necrosis
necrotic damage to blood vessel wall
fibrinoid necrosis
all of the following are causes of gangrene
1. arterial obstruction
2. infection
3. inflammation
4. trauma
5. physical agents
a. 1, 2, 4
b only 5
c.1234
d. 1245
d
dry gangrene is also known as not true gangrene. necrotic area becomes black due to breakdown of Hgb and Iron sulfide.
a. 1st statement is true
b. 2nd statement is true
c. both are true
d. both are false
c
gas gangrene is caused by?
anaerobic gram positive bacteria
apoptosis id mediated by
1. activate protease
2. activate endonuclease
a. 1
b. 2
c. either of the two
d. neither of the two
c
materials from external environment are taken up through the process of endocytosis
heterophagy
energy dependent program cell death
apoptosis
