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group dynamics > Groups and Their Functions > Flashcards

Groups and Their Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Proximate Cause?

A

Provides an explanation of “how” a behavior occurred.

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2
Q

Ultimate Cause?

A

Provides an evolutionary explanation of “why” a behavior evolved.

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3
Q

Ultimate and Proximate Causation?

A

Proximate: Internal physiological process
Separation of infant from caregiver
Hunger/cold

Ultimate: Crying elicits care and defense from caregivers, therefore, fitness benefits.
Infants who did not cry when in need of assistance were less likely to survive.

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4
Q

Evolutionary Mismatch?

A

When one refers to an organism’s experience in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness to the organisms experience in the modern environment.

EX: Humans enjoy sweet foods (Candy/Chocolate).
Proximate Cause = Craving sweet taste
Ultimate Cause = Our evolutionary ancestors has a preference for sweet food which = fitness benefit
*Sweet food likely to be RIPE fruits = Vitamin/Minerals.

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5
Q

Altricial?

A

This means that humans are born in a helpless condition that requires prolonger parental care.

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6
Q

Secure Attachment?

A

Perceive caregiver as safe, available and responsible.
Use as a “Secure Base”.

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7
Q

Insecure Attachment?

A

Perceive caregiver as absent and unavailable
Perceive caregiver as unreliable and inconsistently available.

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8
Q

Inclusive Fitness?

A

The survival of one’s genes in one’s own offspring and in any relatives.

*We are more likely to help our KIN than NON-KIN, and close relatives than distant relatives.

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9
Q

Hamilton’s Rule?

A

We will help when…

rb>c

Relatedness (R)
Benefit (B)
Cost (C)

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10
Q

Social Support?

A

The approval, assistance, advice, comfort, and aid that we receive from those with whom we have developed stable positive relationships.

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11
Q

Cyber-Ostracism?

A

The experience of being ignored and excluded by peers OR groups on the internet.

Causes: Pain/Distress
painful –> punishment –> “silent treatment”.
“Cold shoulder”.
Feelings of being ignored = worse than other punishment types.

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12
Q

How can people react to being socially excluded/ostracized?

A

Sometimes become aggressive/turn to violence.

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13
Q

Provocation?

A

Participants receive NEGATIVE feedback from “another” participant on an essay. They were asked to write on the issue of abortion earlier in the study.

(Rejected).

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14
Q

Dependent Variable?

A

They play a reaction game against this person. The winner administers a blast of white noise to the loser and gets to set the intensity and duration.

(Accepted).

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15
Q

Sociometer Theory?

A

The theory that self-esteem acts as an indicator or gauge of our social value.
*This alerts us when we are not doing well in our social relationships by reducing self-esteem.
*If low we may try to repair our relationships.

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16
Q

Information Conformity?

A

The CHANGE in opinions that occur as a result or a desire for accurate knowledge.

(EX): Jenny changes her opinion after hearing a psychology lecture because she wants to have accurate knowledge.

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17
Q

Normative Conformity?

A

This is when we express opinions or behave in ways that help us to be accepted or that keep us from being isolated or rejected by the group.

(EX): Jenny changes her opinion after hearing opinions of her in-group members contradict her own. She does this because she does not wan to be rejected from her in-group.

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18
Q

Public Compliance?

A

Conforming to other people’s behavior publicly without necessarily believing in what the other people are doing or saying

Publicly conforming but (Privately disagreeing).

EX: Doing what others do or say, even though you do not agree with it.

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19
Q

Private Acceptance?

A

Conforming to other people’s behavior out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right.

EX: Coming to feel or think as others do.

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20
Q

Majority Influence?

A

Influence that occurs when a LARGER subgroup produces change in a SMALLER subgroup.

Best EX: Solomon Asch Studies.

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21
Q

Minority Influence?

A

Influence that occurs when a SMALLER subgroup produces change in a LARGER subgroup.

EX: A SMALL musical band revolutionized a musical genre where all other bands of that genre became influenced by that SMALL musical band.

22
Q

What Factors Influence Conformity?

A

SIZE of the majority
Independence of Responses
Unanimity of the Majority
Anonymity
Task Importance

23
Q

Active Social Influence?

A

*Teammates are trying to persuade a single dissenting member to eat at a restaurant (Opposed to eating at home)

24
Q

Social Identity?

A

The part of the self-concept that results from our membership in social groups.

25
Q

BIRGing?

A

If we are member of good reputation group, we emphasize membership because it reflects POSITIVELY on us.

To show pride after win.

26
Q

CORFing?

A

If we are member out of bad reputation group, we diminish connect with group so it doesn’t reflect NEGATIVELY on us.

EX: Not wearing clothing of your favorite team or band after the team/band delivered a shameful performance. (Lost game/gave bad concert) is the best example.

To avoid shame.

27
Q

Social Comparison Theory?

A

We learn about our abilities, skills, the appropriateness, and validity of our opinions, and our relative social standing through social comparison.

28
Q

Downward Social Comparison?

A

Comparisons with individuals who are LESS skilled or WORSE off.

EX: Mickey feels bad about her financial situation (Having to use her savings for daily purchases because rent is so expensive). She compares herself to homeless people.

29
Q

Upward Social Comparison?

A

Comparisons with individuals who are MORE skilled or who are BETTER off

Can give us hope or motivate us to work harder.

30
Q

Optimal Distinctiveness?

A

The tendency of individual to prefer to maintain both their InterDEPENDENCE as well as their InterDEPENDENT cultural orientations.

31
Q

InterDEPENDENCE?

A

The extent to which the group members are mutually dependent upon each other to reach a goal.

EX: Basketball team. Shared goal = Winning, and they either ALL win or ALL lose.

32
Q

InterDEPENDENT?

A

These groups report liking each other MORE, cooperate and communicate more, and they’re more productive.

33
Q

Entitavity?

A

The feeling or perception that collection of individuals is a social group.

EX: Johnny looks over at a group of 5 individuals who, to Johnny, appear to have a degree of “Groupyness”. This group, therefore, appear to have a HIGH degree of…?

34
Q

Low Entitavity EXAMPLE
High Entitavity EXAMPLE

A

Low = Grocery Store Line
High = Basketball Team.

35
Q

Properties of Groups?

A

Similarity
Interaction
Interdependence
Structure

36
Q

Social Identity?

A

Patty highly regards her group membership with a HIGH degree of pride. Her self concept is largely defined by her membership to that group as a whole. Patty is showing a high degree of…?

37
Q

Group Cohesion?

A

The emotional attachment that group members have with the members of the group.

Associated with:
-Greater group satisfaction
-Less Anxiety
-More communication
-Less Attrition

38
Q

Social Group?

A

A collection of 3 or more individuals who are perceived, by themselves or others to be a group.

39
Q

Mode?

A

Always expressed an opinion.

40
Q

Slider?

A

Initially argued with the group, but shifted to agreement overtime.

41
Q

Deviant?

A

Always expressed the opposite opinion of the group.

(Disliked the most).

42
Q

Social Status?

A

Amount of authority , prestige, or reputation that a group member has.

EX: Your clothes can reveal your “status”
Your material possessions
Your occupation

43
Q

Structure?

A

The stable rules that define Group Roles, Norms and Status.

44
Q

Social Norm?

A

A way of THINKING, FEELING, OR BEHAVING that is perceived by group members as appropriate/normal.

EX: Arrive to appointment on time
Shake hands when you meet someone.
Don’t talk with your mouth full of food.

45
Q

Social Roles?

A

A group norm that specifies the behavior’s EXPECTED to be performed by individual group members.

46
Q

What effects does following or not following social norms have on popularity?

A

They contribute to our clothing choices, how we speak, our music preferences, and our beliefs about certain social issues. They can also affect our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to violence.

47
Q

The Asch conformity experiments

A

Widely recognized as one of the pioneers in developing social psychology as an academic discipline. His celebrated study of conformity provided a vivid demonstration of how individuals respond to the social pressures and expectations of others.

(Majority Influence).

48
Q

SOCIAL AGGREGATE VS. A CROWD

A

People who happen to be together in a particular place, but do not significantly intereact or identify with one another. (people in same place at the same time). Example: line at a movie theater.

49
Q

Sherif’s 1930s Auto-kinetic Effect

A

Perceptual phenomenon in which involuntary movements of our eyes that help us focus on objects, lead us to perceive that a stationary light in a dark room is moving.

50
Q

Which methods of Social Influence are Active? Passive?

A

Obedience & Persuasion are Active (Consciously trying to change mind).

Conformity and Compliance are Passive (Effect is often unconscious).

51
Q

Dasgupta, Banji & Abelson (1999)?

A

Examined how entitavity influences the perception of the likelihood of a group engaging in negative or positive actions.

These = stimuli of “greebles”
They = members of species G
same color = High E
different colors =Low E

groups perceived as entitative = perceived as more likely to engage in negative actions vs. other groups than non-entitative groups or individuals.

Entitative groups also perceived as less likely to engage in positive actions toward other groups than non-entitative groups

52
Q

Psychological Reactance?

A

An example of psychological reactance is a child eating as many cupcakes as they can simply because their parent told them that they shouldn’t eat so many. The child is experiencing reactance because they feel their freedom is being threatened and they are seeking to protect it.

group dynamics (3 decks)

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