Exam 2 Flashcards
The 2 dimensions of leadership are…
Task & Relational Leadership
In the EEA (where humans were primarily hunter-gatherers), the leadership style for humans was likely…
Egalitarian/Democratic without a “centralized” leader
Which of the following is NOT a relatively common characteristic of “first movers”?
Determination
The base of power that is based on identification with the power-holder is ___.
Referent power
In real-world organizational settings, ___ tend to exhibit both relationship and task leadership, whereas, ___ tend to exhibit only task leadership.
Women; Men
What is Leadership?
Building a team and guiding victory
Leadership in Social Animals?
Humans are NOT the only species with leadership.
Insects foraging patterns, fish schools, birds flying patterns, etc.
Life in the EEA
(Environment of evolutionary adaptedness)
Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers
*Environmental posed many challenges.
-Predators, intergroup, conflict, intragroup conflict, access to shelter, ability to find food & water.
Bay of Pigs?
Failed military invasion of Cuba (1961)
bay of pigs = intriguing because it is characterized by “intelligent individuals making terrible decisions”
Something gone wrong in group decision-making process.
GroupThink?
A process that occurs when a group makes poor decisions as a result of flawed group process and strong conformity pressures.
Conformity Pressure?
While pressures to conform are present in nearly every group, in groupthink groups, these pressures are extremely powerful.
Bay of Pigs Committee:
In the meetings of the Bay of Pigs advisory committee President Kennedy sometimes demanded that the group members give a voice vote regarding their individual opinions before the group actually discussed the pros and cons of a new idea. Often, Kennedy would vote first.
Self-Censorship?
Group members, in the face of the strong norm against criticism, keep a tight rein on their own negative thoughts
Mind-guards?
Self- or leader-appointed individuals whose job it is to help quash dissent and to increase conformity to the leader’s opinions. They may also place pressure on other group members to keep quiet.
Apparent Unanimity/Pluralistic Ignorance?
Because there is typically early agreement on a decision, all group members imagine that the lack of critical discussion implies that they are the only person questioning the decision.
Schlesinger
He describes the Bay of Pigs cabinet meetings as a “curious atmosphere of assumed consensus.” Each person wrongly concluded that everyone else liked the plan.
Illusions of invulnerability?
Feelings of confidence run extremely high, members imagine their decision is infallible and that they are incapable of making errors in judgment.
Which team below is most susceptible to groupthink?
Team A who has high group cohesion
The cooperation of multiple agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate parts is called…
Group synergy
Johnny and his group of friends disagree so strongly with another group’s political beliefs that they go out of their way to avoid any content (e.g., social media posts) that contradicts theirs. This leads them to wrongly believe that their opinions and judgments on political matters are infallible (i.e., error-free). Johnny and his group are expressing the symptom of…
Illusions of invulnerability
The OU Grizzlies basketball team has the task to score as many points as they possibly can by the end of the game. This type of task is a ____ task.
Maximizing
Members from group x each have valuable pieces of information to help the group accomplish its goals that the rest of the group doesn’t know, but they fail to share the information with the group. Group x is showing the symptom of…
Self-censorship
Illusions of Morality
The morality of the decision is not questioned. A presumption is made that, since the group generated the solution, it must be moral.
Biased perception of the out-group?
Negatively distorted view of the out-group.
Castro was described as a weak leader, an evil communist, and a man too stupid to realize that his country was about to be attacked.
Defective Decision Making Strategies?
Group tends to construe the decision in overly simplistic terms
Maximizing?
A task that involves performance that is measured by how rapidly the group works, or how much of a product they are able to make
Intellective?
Tasks that involve the ability of the group to make a decision or a judgment
Criterion?
Tasks in which there is clearly a correct answer to the problem
Judgmental?
Tasks in which there is no clearly correct answer to the problem
Cohesiveness?
The emotional attachment that group members have with the members of the group.
Isolation?
Groups that close themselves off to outsiders are more likely to make extreme decisions. Prevents them from obtaining new and potentially contradictory information.
Time Pressure & Stress?
Having pressure placed upon you to perform enhances the chances that the positive aspects of what you intend to do are emphasized and the negative aspects are ignored.
Style of Leadership?
Strong and Directive leaders are especially bad. If the leader makes her/his opinion clear at the outset, many see little use in challenging it.
Authoritarian (Autocratic), Participative (Democratic) and Delegative (Laissez-Faire).
Causes of Groupthink?
-Cohesiveness
-Isolation
-Time Pressure & Stress
-Strong/Directive Leadership
Group Polarization?
Judgments made after group discussion will be more extreme in the same direction as the average of individual judgments made prior to discussion.
Myers and Kaplan (1976)?
Mock juries were asked to assess guilt in felony traffic cases.
In one condition evidence given was strong and the majority initially (before discussion) favored conviction.
In the other condition the evidence was weak and the majority initially (before discussion) favored acquittal.
Vinokur & Burnstein (1978)?
6-person groups asked to discuss a decision about whether an individual should make a risky or cautious decision.
3 initially favor a risky decision
3 initially favor a cautious decision
Task Divisibility?
A task in which work CAN be divided among individuals.
Unitary Tasks cannot be divided and have to be completed all at once.
(EX): Building a car on an assembly line or painting a house is a divisible task, because each of the group members working on the job can do a separate part of the job at the same time.
Type of Output Desired?
Maximizing Tasks: Task in which performance is measured by how rapidly the group works or by how much of a product they are able to make.
(EX): How many computer chips are manufactured on an assembly line, how many creative ideas are generated by a brainstorming group, how fast a construction crew can build a house.
Intellective Tasks: Task in which the ability of a group to make a decision or a judgment is assessed.
(EX): Math problem
Compensatory?
The group product is the average of the individual judgments
*Averaging each members best guess as to how many beans are in a jar