Group Processes Flashcards
A set of individuals who directly interact over time and
have a shared fate, goals, or identity is known as a _____
group
people engaging in a common
activity with little direct interaction with each other
collectives
Why do people join groups?
- Need others to accomplish things (e.g., orchestra,
sports) - Basic human needs (safety in numbers, reproduction)
-Social identity
Set of expected behaviors
Roles
(Bales, 1958): , suggests their are 2 fundamental types of roles
* ________: Helps group achieve tasks
* ________: Provides emotional support
and maintains morale
- Instrumental: Helps group achieve tasks
- Expressive: Provides emotional support
and maintains morale
_____
&
_______
can be formal or informal.
Roles
Norms
________ are Rules of conduct for members
Norms
The extent to which forces push group members closer
together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity,
and commitment to group goals
Cohesiveness
Group cohesion _______ Group performance
equals
Strong
norms and little tolerance
for norm deviating behavior is a sign of a _______
Tight culture
Weaker
norms and greater tolerance
for deviant behavior is a sign of a _____
Loose culture
“Triplett’s” cyclist research shows that the prescence of others ______
enhances performance on
easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks
The Zajonc 3-Step Solution
- Presence of others: physical
arousal, energizes behavior - Arousal enhances the tendency to
perform a dominant response - Quality of performance varies
based on the type of task (Easy / Difficult)
Zajonc Cockroach Studies includes two mazes
Easy maze: Cockroaches were
faster with audience
Difficult maze: Cockroaches were
slower with audience
Whos idea showed that The mere presence of
others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects
“Mere presence” (Zajonc)
The presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when
those others are seen as potential evaluators
Evaluation apprehension theory
The presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional
conflict
Distraction-conflict theory
Strategies to Reduce Social Loafing (Group Projects)
- Limit the scope of the project (smaller components)
- Keep the groups small
- Use peer evaluations
(Karau & Williams, 1993) suggests that social loafing is global because they found
evident across numerous tasks in
countries around the world
A group-produced reduction in
individual output on easy tasks in
which contributions are pooled
Social Loafing
(Occurs during group tasks when
an individual’s effort cannot be
determined)
(True/False) Social Loafing is Less prevalent in women than men
True
(True/False) Social Loafing Less prevalent in people from collectivist than individualist cultures
2. However, (Hong et al., 2008) found that
- True
- Group norm of low productivity in a collectivist
culture can result in more social loafing
The loss of a person’s sense of individuality and the
reduction of normal constraints against deviant
behavior
Deindividuation
Contributors to deindividuation
Arousal
Anonymity
Reduced feelings of individual responsibility
Accountability cues
Attentional cues
Beaman & Diener found that on Halloween
In Identified vs. anonymous trick-or-treaters, the anonymous ones took more candy that was left out.
The reduction in group performance due
to obstacles created by group processes, such as
problems of coordination and motivation
Process loss
The increase in group performance so
that the group outperforms the individuals who make up
the group
Process gain
Only happens when
1. Correct answer is agreed upon once presented
2. Work is distributed among subgroups
A technique that attempts to increase the production of
creative ideas by encouraging group members to speak
freely without criticizing their own or others’
contributions
Brainstorming
(Mullen et al.,
1991) found that when brainstorming
Brainstorming groups only about ½ as effective as the
same number of people working alone
(True/False) People who brainstorm think it works, enjoy themselves,
and experienced increased group cohesiveness, But it does not produce better ideas
True
The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of
group members through “group” discussion
Group Polarization
The more persuasive arguments we are exposed to, the more
extreme our thinking becomes
Persuasive arguments theory
A group decision-making style
characterized by an excessive
tendency among group members
to seek agreement despite possible lack of critical thinking
Groupthink
3 Contributions to Groupthink
- Highly cohesive groups
- Group structure
- Stressful situations
3 Preventors to Groupthink
- Avoid isolation (think outside group)
- Reduce group pressures to conform
- Establish a strong norm of critical review
(Stasser, 1992)
Groups tend to discuss shared information
(known by all/most members) more than unshared
information (known by one/few members)
Biased Sampling
A shared system for remembering
information that enables multiple people to remember
information together more efficiently than they could do so
alone
Transactive Memory
The best way to achieve something is to set goals that are:
Specific
Challenging
Reachable
Prestwich et al., 2012 found that people lost the most weight when they had a _______ , and a _____
- partner
- plan
A situation in which a self-interested choice by
everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone is know as a _______ ________
Social dilemma
A type of dilemma in which one party must make either
cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another
party
Prisoner’s Dilemma
Social dilemmas involving how 2+ people will share a
limited resource is known as a
Resource Dilemma
A Commons dilemma or “tragedy of the commons” is a social dilemma in which ______ ——
If people take as much as they
want of a limited resource that does not replenish
itself, nothing will be left for anyone
Woolley & Fishbach (2019) found that in eating crackers shared or separately people were more likely to be _____ when sharing.
cooperative
A negotiated
resolution to a conflict in which all
parties obtain outcomes that are
superior to what they would have
obtained from an equal division of the contested resources
Integrative agreement
______ is The belief that whatever one of
them won, the other one lost
Fixed-pie syndrome
Kopelman & Rosette (2008) found that when comparing Israel and Hong Kong students in a “take it or leave it” scenario that _______. Showing cultural differences in Negotiation.
Hong Kong students showed more positive
