Group Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

define what a ‘group’ is

A
  • two or more individuals in face-to-face interaction
  • each member = aware of membership to the group
  • each member = aware of other who belongs to group
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2
Q

identify types of groups

A
  • interpersonal relationships (e.g.: families, small groups of close friends)
  • groups formed to fulfil tasks (e.g.: committees, work groups, goal lead)
  • groups based on large social categories (e.g.: women, Americans)
  • groups based on weak social relationships (e.g.: idea you are connected to people with similar interests to you, living in same community, liking Taylor Swift)
  • transitionary groups (e.g.: people waiting in line of bus stop, queuing in line at the bank)
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3
Q

Outline the study and findings of Tajfel, Billig, Bundy & Flament (1971, replicated by Allen & Wilder, 1975) into minimal groups

A

STUDY
- looked at minimal group paradigm

  • had ppts split into 2 random, arbitrary groups (A and B)
  • groups were totally random, group of strangers with no pre-existing friendships

FINDINGS
- found ppts allocated more money to their own assigned group than other group
- cannot be explained by self-interest as ppts allocating money did not get a share
- not based on existing friendships as group = strangers

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4
Q

what can you conclude from Tajfel, Billig, Bundy & Flament (1971, replicated by Allen & Wilder, 1975) study into minimal groups?

A
  • demonstrates how easily bias (and groups) can form
  • shows how groups in such minimal situations can breed prejudice
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5
Q

define social facilitation (Allport, 1920)

A

a phenomenon where people show increased levels of efforts and performance when in presence of others

this presence can be implied, virtual or real

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6
Q

outline Triplett (1898) study into social facilitation

A

noticed cyclists performed faster when they were:
- timed alone
- timed and racing alongside other cyclists

suggested that presence of audience, especially in competition, ‘energised’ performance on motor tasks

  • tested hypothesis using a ‘fishing line’ apparatus
  • found children performed better when racing against each other compared to alone

shows how presence of other impacts how we behave

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7
Q

what is the ‘mere presence effect’ (Allport, 1920)

A

defined as an entirely passive and unresponsive audience that is only physically present

argues that performance is improved due to mere presence of others

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8
Q

define ‘social inhibition’

A

the idea that the presence of others can impair performance

occurs in both humans and animals

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9
Q

give examples of social inhibition

A

Schmitt et al. (1986) - complex task done slower in presence of others

Middlemist et al. (1976) - men take longer to urinate when someone is standing immediately next to them

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10
Q

outline Zajonc’s (1965) drive theory

A
  • argued mere presence of others creates increase in arousal and energises ‘dominant response’
  • dominant response = behaviour that is typically done in that situation
  • when people are anxious they tend to perform better on easier tasks and worse on harder tasks
  • if dominant response is correct (easy) –> performance is facilitated
  • if dominant response is incorrect (hard) –> performance is inhibited
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11
Q

outline the evaluation apprehension theory (Cottrell, 1972)

A
  • social reward/punishment, approval/disapproval based on others’ evaluation
  • perception of ‘evaluating’ audience creates the arousal rather than mere presence
  • meaning social facilitation is an brought on effect based on perceived evaluations of others
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12
Q

outline the study supporting the evaluation apprehension theory (Cottrell, 1968)

A
  • has ppts personal a well-learnt, easy task

performed this to an audience of 3 conditions
1/ blindfolded
2/ merely present (passive and uninterested)
3/ attentive audience

found social facilitation (enhanced performance) was perceived when audience were perceived to be attentive

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13
Q

outline evidence that fails to support the evaluation apprehension theory (Markus, 1978)

A
  • measured time taken for ppts to get dressed
  • dress in either familiar clothes (easy task, own clothes) or unfamiliar clothes (difficult task, unfamiliar shoes and lab coat)
  • timed in 3 different conditions
    1/ alone
    2/ in presence of inattentive audience
    3/ in presence of attentive audience

FINDINGS:

  • attentive audience sped up performance in easy task (evidence for social facilitation and drive theory)
  • inattentive and attentive not much difference in difficult task
    (evidence for mere presence of other making us perform worse)
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14
Q

outline Schmitt et al., (1986) study

A
  • asked ppts to type their name or a code backwards on a computer

FINDINGS

  • found mere presence of others made people perform easier task quicker and harder task slower
  • however adding evaluation apprehension condition made little difference to typing speed

suggesting evaluation apprehension = sometimes unnecessary for social facilitation

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15
Q

outline the distraction-conflict theory

A
  • idea that people become distracted and therefore perform worse
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16
Q

outline Sander et al. (1978) study into distraction-conflict theory

A

had ppts complete easy or difficult digital task:
- alone
- someone doing the same task
- someone doing different task

  • people performed worse on digital task when someone was doing the same digital task
17
Q

Explain the Ringelmann Effect

A

the idea that groups become less productive in terms of output per member as they increase in size

(as group gets bigger, productivity decreases)

18
Q

Explain social loafing

A

this is the idea that individual puts in less effort when being judged as part of a group

19
Q

what did Ringlemann (1913, 1927) find in support of social loafing?

A
  • found men pulling on a rope attached to dynamometer exerted less force than the number of people in group
20
Q

identify 2 reasons for the social loafing effect in Ringlemanns findings

A

1/ coordination loss
as group size inhibits movement, distraction, and jostling

2/ motivation loss
ppts did not try as hard due to being less motivated

21
Q

outline Ingham et al. (1974) study into social loafing

A
  • looked at ‘real groups’ and ‘pseudo-groups’ pulling on a rope
  • in ‘real group’ varying group sizes of real ppts pulled rope
  • in pseudo-group, rope was pulled by researcher’s assistants (pretending to pull rope) and ppt (blindfolded)
  • found that as group size increased, individual effort decreased (arguably explained by coordination loss)
  • found that when there is 3 people in group, individual still pulled less (arguably explained by motivation loss)
22
Q

outline Latané et al. (1979) study into social loafing

A
  • supported social loafing through clapping, shouting and cheering tasks
  • recorded amount of cheering/clapping noise made per person reduced by:
  • 29% in 2 person group
  • 49% in 4 personal group
  • 60% in 6 person group

shows individuals putting in less effort as group size increases

23
Q

why do people socially loaf according to Green (1991)

A

1/ output equality
people learn that others are not pulling their weight, they lose motivation and therefore put less effort in

2/ evaluation apprehension
individuals only believe efforts are being judged when performing alone
when in groups, people are not accountable for their efforts

24
Q

identify two way of reducing social loafing

A

1/ identifiability

2/ individual responsibility

25
Q

explain how identifiability can reduce social loafing

A

this is where people’s individual contributions to a task can be identified

e.g.: Williams et al., 1981 found that people shout louder in a group shouting task when they think every individual’s volume can be recorded

26
Q

explain how individual responsibility can reduce social loafing

A

this is when people know they can make unique contribution to a task

e.g.: Harkins and Petty, 1982 found that when giving groups task to watch dots on screen, if individual thought they were solely responsible for watching particular segment, they worked harder

27
Q

identify two situations where people will put effort into group task

A

1/ when they believe their input will have impact

2/ when completing task is likely to bring them something they value (including: money, grades, satisfaction, enjoyment)

28
Q

what is group polarisation?

A

tendency for group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial thoughts of its members

29
Q

what is McGlynn et al. (1995) take on group problem solving?

A

when groups get together and critique each other’s ideas, found that better-quality ideas

30
Q

what is Mullen et al. (1991) take on group problem solving?

A

group solving is more effective when small rather than large groups AND if experimenter is not present to monitor process

31
Q

what is Diehl & Stroebe (1987) take on group problem solving?

A

if only simple group decisions occur with no break out from individuals, individuals efforts are typically better than the groups

32
Q

what is groupthink? (Janis, 1982)

A

proposed this concept where objections to poor group decisions are suppressed to maintain group harmony

33
Q

identify conditions for groupthink (Janis, 1972, 1982)

A

groupthink happens under particular conditions:

  • stressful situations, without a clear correct solution
  • cohesive group of like-minded people
  • cut off from external influences
  • strong vocal leader
34
Q

identify the consequences of groupthink

A
  • group does not carry out adequate research
  • alternative options are not considered
  • risks are not adequately assessed