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PSGY1007 social psychology > Aggression > Flashcards

Aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

what is aggression according to Hobbes (1651)?

A
  • extreme levels of aggression = natural for human beings
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2
Q

define aggression

A
  • behaviour with the intention to hurt someone
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3
Q

how did Bandura investigate aggression?

A
  • punching an inflatable bobo doll
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4
Q

how did Eron investigate aggression?

A
  • observations from teachers and colleagues
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5
Q

how did Leyens investigate aggression?

A
  • self-reports
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6
Q

how did Green investigate aggression?

A
  • self-report of willingness to use violence in lab
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7
Q

how did Lieberman investigate aggression?

A
  • selecting spiciness of hot sauce for someone else who does not like spice
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8
Q

outline Chermack, Berman & Taylor (1997) study into measuring aggression
(reaction time game with opponent)

A
  • ppts competed against an ‘opponent’ in reaction time game
  • after each trial, loser of reaction time game received shock

there were two conditions
1/ loser received consistently low level shocks (low provocation)
2/ loser received increasingly high level shocks (high provocation)

RESULTS
- ppts who received the shocks consistently stayed the same in the shocks they gave the other person
- those who received stronger shocks, individuals gave more shocks back to other person

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9
Q

explain what the hypodermic needle model is

A
  • idea that media we consume is injected into those who engage with it
  • for aggression, aggressive behaviour is injected into the people that engage with it
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10
Q

what does Anderson & Bushman (2001) suggest about gaming and aggression?

A
  • believes there is some evidence of a link between gaming and aggression
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11
Q

what does Ferguson (2007) suggest about gaming and aggression?

A
  • there is evidence for link but the effect gaming has on aggression = small
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12
Q

what did Kennedy et al. (2014) find in video gaming and and aggression?

A
  • found that those who frequently played violent video games = less distracted by violent images in other contexts
  • researchers labelled this ‘emotion-induced blindness’
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13
Q

identify 2 theories of aggression

A
  • innate theories of aggression
  • social theories of aggression (including learnt)
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14
Q

explain what the innate theories of aggression looks at to explain aggression

A
  • suggests aggression is unlearned and universal
  • if aggression not released, it builds up until explodes
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15
Q

explain what the social theories of aggression (including learnt) looks at to explain aggression

A
  • looks at the social context in which we exist as an explanation for aggressive behaviour
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16
Q

how is aggression explained by Freud’s Psychodynamic theory?

A
  • suggests aggression = innate
  • aggression is a ‘death instinct’
  • death instinct = Thanatos
  • initially, aggression = directed towards the self
  • overtime, aggression starts to be directed towards other people
  • aggression builds up naturally and MUST be released
17
Q

how is aggression explained by the Ethological perspective (Lorenz)?

A
  • aggression = survival value
  • aggression is seen as functional
18
Q

explain the dual factor theory
(Lorenz, ethological perspective of aggression)

A

1/ we have innate urge to be aggressive (inevitable)

2/ aggressive behaviour elicited by environmental stimuli (releasers)

as energy builds up, we need to release this aggressive energy onto another environmental stimuli

19
Q

explain the evolutionary explanation for aggression

A
  • social behaviour = adaptive
  • it helps individual, species survive
  • aggressive behaviour = evolved to allow to procreate and pass genes on to next generation
  • aggression has social and economic advantage

EXAMPLE:
- high-flying execs may use aggressive behaviour to fight off colleagues for promotion

20
Q

identify weakness of psychodynamic explanation

A
  • limited evidence
21
Q

identify weakness of ethological approach

A
  • struggles to explain functional value of aggression in humans
  • aggressors usually end up punished and excluded in group for being aggressive rather than accepted
22
Q

identify weakness of evolutionary explanation

A
  • takes limited empirical evidence
  • claims to use circular reasoning
23
Q

explain the SLT of aggression

A
  • aggressive behaviour learnt through observational learning
  • modelling parents/role models
  • learning behaviour vicariously
24
Q

outline Bandura, Ross & Ross (1961) study into SLT and aggression

A
  • studied children
  • had children observe adult play with ‘Bobo’ doll in 3 conditions

1/ observed real-life aggressive model (kicking, hitting Bobo doll)
2/ observed non-aggressive model (role model played nicely with Bobo doll
3/ control group (children didn’t observe a role model)

FINDINGS
- children exposed to aggressive model displayed significantly more aggression

25
Q

explain the frustration-aggression hypothesis

A
  • idea that the existence of frustration always leads to aggression
  • frustration and aggression are always linked with each other
  • aggression results from having one’s goals blocked
  • if target is too powerful, stopping the goal then aggression is displaced onto alternative target (scapegoat)
26
Q

outline Barker et al. (1941) study into the frustration-aggression hypothesis

A
  • children shown a room full of toys
  • initially, children not allowed to play with toys OR they were allowed to play without waiting
  • researchers studied how children played with toys
  • children that were in the frustrated group (had to wait to play) acted more aggressively
  • smashing toys on floor
  • threw toys against wall
  • general destructive behaviour
27
Q

outline evidence against the frustration-aggression hypothesis (Berkowitz, 1962, 1989)

A
  • suggested frustration does not always lead to aggression
  • aversive events (events that create strong dislike) creates feeling of negativity (negative affect)
  • the feeling of negativity (could be frustration) is what elicits a range of behaviours
  • this feeling interacts with situational cues
28
Q

explain the excitation transfer (Zillman, 1979, 1988)

A
  • idea that the expression of anger is a function of 3 factors

1/ learnt aggressive behaviour
- watching other people act angry

2/ arousal or excitation from another source
- innate part
- something to do with our body
- we are feeling something in the moment

3/ the person’s interpretation of the arousal state (such that an aggressive response seems appropriate)
- the persons understanding of how they are feeling

29
Q

give example of excitation transfer model

A
  • exercising at the gym
  • high level of excitation
    (arousal in body)
  • someone takes last parking space
    (because you have this arousal in body and something external then happens, interpreting how you are feeling about something may lead to aggression)
30
Q

identify factors influencing aggression

A
  • type A personality
  • other theories of personality
  • frustration and provocation sensitivity
  • heat
  • presence of a weapon
  • alcohol
  • narcissism
31
Q

explain type A personality as a factor influencing aggression

A
  • those that are striving to achieve, time urgency, competitive
  • those who score highly in these regards are more likely to be aggressive
  • also more likely to have more conflict with peers but not superiors
32
Q

explain other theories of personality as a factor influencing aggression

A
  • those who are low agreeable more likely to have aggressive response
33
Q

explain frustration and provocation sensitivity as a factor influencing aggression

A
  • those that are sensitive to frustration more likely to behave aggressively
34
Q

explain heat as a factor influencing aggression

A
  • research shown link between temperature and aggressive acts
  • aggression and temperature show inverted-U relationship
  • as temperature increases, so does aggression
  • until certain point
35
Q

explain presence of a weapon as a factor influencing aggression

A
  • men took part and help gun or child’s toy
  • measured aggressive behaviour (done by how much hot sauce to give the next person)
  • found that holding a gun increased aggression
  • in another study, angered ppts gave more electric shocks in presence of a weapon
36
Q

explain alcohol as a factor influencing aggression

A
  • intoxicated ppts behave more aggressively
  • also respond to provocation more strongly
  • low aggressors became more aggressive when intoxicated whereas high aggressors did not
37
Q

explain narcissism as a factor influencing aggression

A
  • ppts wrote a pro-life or pro-choice essay on abortion
  • some were given negative feedback
  • then they were asked to deliver blasts of noises to another ppts (they could determine the level)

FOUND
- narcissistic ppts gave the person who they thought had criticised their essay louder ear bursts
- but not other ppts

  • directed aggression to those who threaten their self-image
38
Q

outline the General Aggression Model (GAM)

A
  • model that considers role of social, cognitive developmental and biological factors of aggression

1/
- looks at how biological and environmental modifiers impact personality

2/
- looks at how personality effects the person (personality) and situation (whats evoking person)

3/
- looks at how this impacts you
- looks at arousal, frustration, your affect, how you feel
- looks at your cognition, how you are thinking which impacts how you respond

PSGY1007 social psychology (10 decks)

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