Group Processes Flashcards
What is meant by the term ‘entitativity’?
Groups that are seen as having a single entity, instead of being made of different individuals.
What are the 4 examples of entitative groups?
Intimacy groups
Task groups
Social categories
Loose associations
What is meant by the term ‘social facilitation’?
The mere presence of an audience increases performance.
What is meant by the drive theory?
The mere presence of others creates an increase in arousal and energises the dominant response
What is meant by the term ‘ dominant response’?
The response typically done in that situation - well learnt.
If the DR is correct performance will be facilitated, if the response is incorrect it will be inhibited.
What is meant by the evaluation apprehension theory?
The perception of an ‘evaluating’ audience creates arousal, not the mere presence.
What was the evidence supporting put forward by Cottrel et al., 1968 for evaluation apprehension?
3 audience conditions - blindfolded, merely present (should produce facilitation (zajonc), attentive.
The tasks had be well learnt.
they found the most facilitation when performance was perceived to be evaluating.
Describe research by Markus (1978) that is less supporting of evaluation apprehension.
The time taken to dress in familiar clothes VS unfamiliar clothes either alone, incidental audience, attentive audience.
He found one theory explained facilitation and another explained inhibition.
- Familiar = evaluation apprehension - time taken decreased in attentive audience
- unfamiliar = Drive theory - time taken increased for conditions where there was an audience.
What is meant by Distraction conflict theory?
Distraction from other people leads to attentional conflict between attending on the audience and attending on the task.
+ arousal -> +DR = Facilitation/Inhibition
What is the Ringlemann effect?
As group size increases the effort put in by each individual member decreases.
What is meant by social loafing?
reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task compared to working either alone or coactively.
How did Latane et al record the extent to which group size inhibits performance?
Recorded the amount of cheering/clapping noise per person and how much it was reduced when others were present.
2 people - 29%
4 = 49%
5 = 60%
Identify the 3 reasons why people Load.
Output equity - noticing others not p
pulling their weight so individual effort decreases.
Evaluation apprehension - Group size increase = less evaluated by environment = less effort.
Matching to standard - Don’t know what the standard is when performing tasks in a group
What is meant by ‘brainstorming’?
The generation of as many ideas as possible in group to enhance creativity.
