GROUP 3 Flashcards
What are common manifestations of hypertension?
Early sign: Elevated blood pressure.
As it progresses: Headaches, dizziness, fainting, blurred vision, nocturia.
Late symptoms: Damage to organs such as eyes, heart, kidneys, and an increased risk of stroke.
What are the classifications of hypertension?
Essential (primary) hypertension:
- No known cause, associated with risk factors.
Secondary hypertension:
- Caused by specific diseases or medications.
Malignant hypertension:
- Rapid progression, systolic >200 mm Hg, diastolic >150 mm Hg.
Pulmonary hypertension:
- Causes vasoconstriction and increased vascular resistance, can lead to right-sided heart failure.
Rebound hypertension:
- Occurs after abrupt discontinuation of antihypertensive medications.
White coat hypertension:
- Elevated blood pressure only in clinical settings.
Isolated systolic hypertension: - Common in the elderly due to decreased arterial elasticity, high systolic with normal or low diastolic.
List the major risk factors for hypertension.
Major risk factors include non-adherence to medical regimens, atherosclerosis, smoking, alcohol use, obesity, physical inactivity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, microalbuminuria or GFR < 60, older age, and family history.
What factors influence the development of hypertension?
Factors include increased sympathetic nervous system activity, increased reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys, increased renin-angiotensin system activity, decreased vasodilation, and insulin resistance
What percentage of the adult U.S. population has hypertension?
28–31% of the adult U.S. population has hypertension.
What percentage of those with hypertension have primary (essential) hypertension?
90–95% of those with hypertension have primary hypertension.
In what regions or populations is the incidence of hypertension higher?
The incidence is greater in the southeastern U.S. and among African-Americans.
What is the formula for systemic arterial pressure?
Systemic Arterial Pressure = Cardiac Output X Peripheral Vascular Resistance.
What occurs during the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle?
A: During systole, the heart contracts, blood pressure rises, and blood is pumped out into the vessels
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate.
What occurs during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle?
During diastole, the heart relaxes, blood pressure drops, and the heart fills with blood
How is hypertension defined according to JNC 7 & 8?
Hypertension is defined as a systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg, based on an average of two or more accurate readings taken during two or more visits with a healthcare provider.
What is the JNC 7 & 8 classification for normal and target blood pressure?
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure >120/80, and the target goal for management is 150/90 or lower.
